IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i17p10541-d896518.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Ṣukūk or Bond, Which Is More Sustainable during COVID-19? Global Evidence from the Wavelet Coherence Model

Author

Listed:
  • Shabeer Khan

    (Faculty of Political Science, Department of Islamic Economics and Finance, Sakarya University, Serdivan 54050, Turkey)

  • Niaz Ahmed Bhutto

    (Department of Business Administration, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan)

  • Uzair Abdullah Khan

    (Department of Business Administration, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan)

  • Mohd Ziaur Rehman

    (Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia)

  • Wadi B. Alonazi

    (Health Administration Department, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abdullah Ludeen

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Law, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3168, Australia)

Abstract

Understanding the co-movement and lag–lead relations among indices is integral to financial decision making. These parameters show the reactiveness of the market towards new information. Understanding them helps to minimize risk and facilitates optimal portfolio diversification. By employing the wavelet coherence econometric model, the authors of this study analyzed the intricate relations among the Bond and Ṣukūk indices using global data belonging to the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The findings indicated the presence of strong but similar implications of the initial shock of COVID-19 deaths on both Islamic and conventional markets’ volatilities, especially in long-term investment bands (64–128 days). The results oppose the general belief that Islamic finance is more sustainable and less volatile to crises than its traditional counterparts. Moreover, the authors of this study report diverse relationships among bond and Ṣukūk indices throughout the sample periods. We consistently found low correlations in short-term investment bands (4–16), leading to optimal diversification opportunities. However, high correlations were reported due to COVID-19 in the long-term investment bands (128–256), leading to low diversification opportunities for long-term investors.

Suggested Citation

  • Shabeer Khan & Niaz Ahmed Bhutto & Uzair Abdullah Khan & Mohd Ziaur Rehman & Wadi B. Alonazi & Abdullah Ludeen, 2022. "Ṣukūk or Bond, Which Is More Sustainable during COVID-19? Global Evidence from the Wavelet Coherence Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:17:p:10541-:d:896518
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/17/10541/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/17/10541/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Buerhan Saiti & Obiyathulla Ismath Bacha & Mansur Masih, 2016. "Testing the Conventional and Islamic Financial Market Contagion: Evidence from Wavelet Analysis," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(8), pages 1832-1849, August.
    2. P. Hartmann & S. Straetmans & C. G. de Vries, 2004. "Asset Market Linkages in Crisis Periods," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 86(1), pages 313-326, February.
    3. Azad, A.S.M.S. & Azmat, Saad & Chazi, Abdelaziz & Ahsan, Amirul, 2018. "Sailing with the non-conventional stocks when there is no place to hide," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1-16.
    4. Kim, Suk-Joong & Lucey, Brian M. & Wu, Eliza, 2006. "Dynamics of bond market integration between established and accession European Union countries," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 41-56, February.
    5. Pakko, Michael R., 2004. "A spectral analysis of the cross-country consumption correlation puzzle," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 84(3), pages 341-347, September.
    6. Md Ejaz Rana & Waheed Akhter, 2015. "Performance of Islamic and conventional stock indices: empirical evidence from an emerging economy," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 1(1), pages 1-17, December.
    7. Moazzam Farooq & Sajjad Zaheer, 2015. "Are Islamic Banks More Resilient during Financial Panics?," IMF Working Papers 2015/041, International Monetary Fund.
    8. Rubaiyat Ahsan Bhuiyan & Maya Puspa Rahman & Buerhan Saiti & Gairuzazmi Mat Ghani, 2018. "Financial integration between sukuk and bond indices of emerging markets: Insights from wavelet coherence and multivariate-GARCH analysis," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 18(3), pages 218-230, September.
    9. Luís Aguiar-Conraria & Maria Soares, 2011. "Oil and the macroeconomy: using wavelets to analyze old issues," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 40(3), pages 645-655, May.
    10. Bodart, Vincent & Candelon, Bertrand, 2009. "Evidence of interdependence and contagion using a frequency domain framework," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 140-150, June.
    11. Geert Bekaert & Robert J. Hodrick & Xiaoyan Zhang, 2009. "International Stock Return Comovements," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 64(6), pages 2591-2626, December.
    12. Yang, Jian, 2005. "International bond market linkages: a structural VAR analysis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 39-54, January.
    13. Vacha, Lukas & Barunik, Jozef, 2012. "Co-movement of energy commodities revisited: Evidence from wavelet coherence analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 241-247.
    14. Hasan, Md. Bokhtiar & Mahi, Masnun & Hassan, M. Kabir & Bhuiyan, Abul Bashar, 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on stock markets: Conventional vs. Islamic indices using wavelet-based multi-timescales analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    15. Al-Awadhi, Abdullah M. & Alsaifi, Khaled & Al-Awadhi, Ahmad & Alhammadi, Salah, 2020. "Death and contagious infectious diseases: Impact of the COVID-19 virus on stock market returns," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    16. Samia Nasreen & Syed Asif Ali Naqvi & Aviral Kumar Tiwari & Shawkat Hammoudeh & Syed Ale Raza Shah, 2020. "A Wavelet-Based Analysis of the Co-Movement between Sukuk Bonds and Shariah Stock Indices in the GCC Region: Implications for Risk Diversification," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-21, March.
    17. Kenneth L. Smith, 2002. "Government Bond Market Seasonality, Diversification, and Cointegration: International Evidence," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 203-221, June.
    18. Miyajima, Ken & Mohanty, M.S. & Chan, Tracy, 2015. "Emerging market local currency bonds: Diversification and stability," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 126-139.
    19. Moazzam Farooq & Sajjad Zaheer, 2015. "Are Islamic Banks More Resilient During Financial Panics?," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(1), pages 101-124, February.
    20. Ayturk, Yusuf & Asutay, Mehmet & Aksak, Ercument, 2017. "What explains corporate sukuk primary market spreads?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 141-149.
    21. Jenifer Piesse & Nitawan Israsena & Colin Thirtle, 2007. "Volatility Transmission in Asian Bond Markets: Tests of Portfolio Diversification," Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(4), pages 585-607, October.
    22. Barassi, Marco R & Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Hall, Stephen G, 2001. "Irreducibility and Structural Cointegrating Relations: An Application to the G-7 Long-Term Interest Rates," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 6(2), pages 127-138, April.
    23. Md. Mahmudul Haque & Mohammad Ashraful Ferdous Chowdhury & Abdul Aziz Buriev & Obiyathulla Ismath Bacha & Mansur Masih, 2018. "Who drives whom ‐ sukuk or bond? A new evidence from granger causality and wavelet approach," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 117-132, April.
    24. Fleming, Jeff & Kirby, Chris & Ostdiek, Barbara, 1998. "Information and volatility linkages in the stock, bond, and money markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 111-137, July.
    25. Connolly, Robert & Stivers, Chris & Sun, Licheng, 2005. "Stock Market Uncertainty and the Stock-Bond Return Relation," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 40(1), pages 161-194, March.
    26. Aloui, Chaker & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Hamida, Hela Ben, 2015. "Co-movement between sharia stocks and sukuk in the GCC markets: A time-frequency analysis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 69-79.
    27. Yang, Lu & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2015. "Interdependence between the bond markets of CEEC-3 and Germany: A wavelet coherence analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 124-138.
    28. Ji, Qiang & Zhang, Dayong & Zhao, Yuqian, 2020. "Searching for safe-haven assets during the COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    29. Beck, Thorsten & Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli & Merrouche, Ouarda, 2013. "Islamic vs. conventional banking: Business model, efficiency and stability," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 433-447.
    30. Aloui, Chaker & Asadov, Alam & Al-kayed, Lama & Hkiri, Besma & Danila, Nevi, 2022. "Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and its related announcements on the Chinese conventional and Islamic stocks’ connectedness," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    31. Vortelinos, Dimitrios I., 2016. "Realized correlation analysis of contagion," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 138-148.
    32. Tarun Chordia, 2005. "An Empirical Analysis of Stock and Bond Market Liquidity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 18(1), pages 85-129.
    33. Mohammed Sawkat Hossain & Md Hamid Uddin & Sarkar Humayun Kabir, 2021. "Sukuk and Bond Puzzle: An Analysis with Characteristics Matched Portfolios," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(13), pages 3792-3817, October.
    34. Engle, Robert, 2002. "Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A Simple Class of Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(3), pages 339-350, July.
    35. Ashraf, Badar Nadeem, 2020. "Stock markets’ reaction to COVID-19: Cases or fatalities?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    36. Emrah Ismail Cevik & Mehmet Fatih Bugan, 2018. "Regime-dependent relation between Islamic and conventional financial markets," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 18(2), pages 114-121, June.
    37. DeGennaro, Ramon P & Kunkel, Robert A & Lee, Junsoo, 1994. "Modeling International Long-Term Interest Rates," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 29(4), pages 577-597, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bhuiyan, Rubaiyat Ahsan & Rahman, Maya Puspa & Saiti, Buerhan & Ghani, Gairuzazmi Bin Mat, 2019. "Does the Malaysian Sovereign sukuk market offer portfolio diversification opportunities for global fixed-income investors? Evidence from wavelet coherence and multivariate-GARCH analyses," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 675-687.
    2. Hassan, M. Kabir & Paltrinieri, Andrea & Dreassi, Alberto & Miani, Stefano & Sclip, Alex, 2018. "The determinants of co-movement dynamics between sukuk and conventional bonds," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 73-84.
    3. Hasan, Md. Bokhtiar & Mahi, Masnun & Hassan, M. Kabir & Bhuiyan, Abul Bashar, 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on stock markets: Conventional vs. Islamic indices using wavelet-based multi-timescales analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    4. Najeeb, Syed Faiq & Bacha, Obiyathulla & Masih, Mansur, 2014. "Does a held-to-maturity strategy impede effective portfolio diversification for Islamic bond (sukuk) portfolios? A multi-scale continuous wavelet correlation analysis," MPRA Paper 56956, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Hasan, Md. Bokhtiar & Hassan, M. Kabir & Rashid, Md. Mamunur & Alhenawi, Yasser, 2021. "Are safe haven assets really safe during the 2008 global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic?," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    6. Hassan, M. Kabir & Djajadikerta, Hadrian Geri & Choudhury, Tonmoy & Kamran, Muhammad, 2022. "Safe havens in Islamic financial markets: COVID-19 versus GFC," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    7. Piljak, Vanja, 2013. "Bond markets co-movement dynamics and macroeconomic factors: Evidence from emerging and frontier markets," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 29-43.
    8. Kemal Eyuboglu & Sinem Eyuboglu, 2017. "Examining the Developed and Emerging Bond Market Interactions: A VAR Analysis," Acta Universitatis Danubius. OEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 13(2), pages 139-156, April.
    9. Nagayev, Ruslan & Disli, Mustafa & Inghelbrecht, Koen & Ng, Adam, 2016. "On the dynamic links between commodities and Islamic equity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 125-140.
    10. Petmezas, Dimitris & Santamaria, Daniel, 2014. "Investor induced contagion during the banking and European sovereign debt crisis of 2007–2012: Wealth effect or portfolio rebalancing?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(PB), pages 401-424.
    11. Ciner, Cetin, 2007. "Dynamic linkages between international bond markets," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 290-303, October.
    12. Mohamed Albaity & Ray Saadaoui Mallek & Hasan Mustafa, 2022. "Bank Stock Return Reactions to the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Investor Sentiment in MENA Countries," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
    13. Suk-Joong Kim & Fari Moshirian & Eliza Wu, 2018. "Evolution of International Stock and Bond Market Integration: Influence of the European Monetary Union," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Information Spillovers and Market Integration in International Finance Empirical Analyses, chapter 12, pages 391-428, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    14. Dimic, Nebojsa & Piljak, Vanja & Swinkels, Laurens & Vulanovic, Milos, 2021. "The structure and degree of dependence in government bond markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    15. Brière, Marie & Chapelle, Ariane & Szafarz, Ariane, 2012. "No contagion, only globalization and flight to quality," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 1729-1744.
    16. Baur, Dirk G. & Lucey, Brian M., 2009. "Flights and contagion--An empirical analysis of stock-bond correlations," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 339-352, December.
    17. Hatice Gaye Gencer, 2015. "Flight-to-quality or contagion effect? An analysis from the Turkish and the US financial markets," Financial Theory and Practice, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 39(3), pages 325-340.
    18. Meng, Xiangcai & Huang, Chia-Hsing, 2019. "The time-frequency co-movement of Asian effective exchange rates: A wavelet approach with daily data," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 131-148.
    19. Disli, Mustafa & Nagayev, Ruslan & Salim, Kinan & Rizkiah, Siti K. & Aysan, Ahmet F., 2021. "In search of safe haven assets during COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical analysis of different investor types," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    20. Baruník, Jozef & Kočenda, Evžen & Vácha, Lukáš, 2016. "Gold, oil, and stocks: Dynamic correlations," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 186-201.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:17:p:10541-:d:896518. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.