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Is the Greening Instrument a Valid Precedent for the New Green Architecture of the CAP? The Case of Spain

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  • Carmelo Díaz-Poblete

    (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Campus Universitario s/n, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain)

  • María Carmen García-Cortijo

    (Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Campus Universitario s/n, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain)

  • Juan Sebastián Castillo-Valero

    (Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Campus Universitario s/n, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain)

Abstract

The Common Agricultural Policy 2014–2020, set up in 2015 and extended until 31 December 2022, introduced a payment instrument called Greening. The aim of Greening was to encourage agricultural practices that are beneficial for the environment while also contributing to economic and territorial dynamism. The purpose of this article is to study the effect that Greening has had in Spain. We consider five difference-in-difference models, one for each of the variables proposed: ecological focus areas, permanent grasslands over utilised agricultural area, CO 2 emissions stemming from agricultural land use changes and the presence of woody crops, agricultural income, and affiliates of the special agricultural regime. The data used come from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, the Ministry for Inclusion, Social Security, and Migrations, and the Spanish Emissions Inventory System. For the diff-in diff estimations, we use Spain’s regions as control and treatment units from 2011 to 2018, the aim being to provide observations ex ante Greening (2011–2014) and ex post (2015–2018). The results show that Greening had a limited impact, questioning its efficiency for meeting its goal, and that it is not a sound precedent for building the new green architecture of the CAP.

Suggested Citation

  • Carmelo Díaz-Poblete & María Carmen García-Cortijo & Juan Sebastián Castillo-Valero, 2021. "Is the Greening Instrument a Valid Precedent for the New Green Architecture of the CAP? The Case of Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:10:p:5705-:d:557828
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cimino, Orlando & Henke, Roberto & Vanni, Francesco, 2014. "Greening direct payments in Italy: what consequences for arable farms?," 2014 International Congress, August 26-29, 2014, Ljubljana, Slovenia 182701, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    2. Brown, Matthew & Jones, James, 2013. "The Predicted Impacts of the Proposed Greening Measures of the 2014 CAP Reform on Farming Businesses in North Cornwall," 87th Annual Conference, April 8-10, 2013, Warwick University, Coventry, UK 158855, Agricultural Economics Society.
    3. Alexander Gocht & Pavel Ciaian & Maria Bielza & Jean-Michel Terres & Norbert Röder & Mihaly Himics & Guna Salputra, 2017. "EU-wide Economic and Environmental Impacts of CAP Greening with High Spatial and Farm-type Detail," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 68(3), pages 651-681, September.
    4. Nilsson, Lovisa & Clough, Yann & Smith, Henrik G. & Alkan Olsson, Johanna & Brady, Mark V. & Hristov, Jordan & Olsson, Peter & Skantze, Karin & Ståhlberg, David & Dänhardt, Juliana, 2019. "A suboptimal array of options erodes the value of CAP ecological focus areas," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 407-418.
    5. Vanni, Francesco & Cardillo, Concetta, 2013. "The effects of CAP greening on Italian agriculture," Politica Agricola Internazionale - International Agricultural Policy, Edizioni L'Informatore Agrario, vol. 2013(3), September.
    6. Bertoni, Danilo & Curzi, Daniele & Aletti, Giacomo & Olper, Alessandro, 2020. "Estimating the effects of agri-environmental measures using difference-in-difference coarsened exact matching," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    7. Vincent Ricciardi & Zia Mehrabi & Hannah Wittman & Dana James & Navin Ramankutty, 2021. "Higher yields and more biodiversity on smaller farms," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 4(7), pages 651-657, July.
    8. Erjavec, Karmen & Erjavec, Emil, 2015. "‘Greening the CAP’ – Just a fashionable justification? A discourse analysis of the 2014–2020 CAP reform documents," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 53-62.
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    Cited by:

    1. Adrian Sadłowski & Wioletta Wrzaszcz & Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży & Anna Matras-Bolibok & Anna Budzyńska & Marek Angowski & Stefan Mann, 2021. "Direct Payments and Sustainable Agricultural Development—The Example of Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Monika Kabadzhova & Mihaela Mihailova & Daniela Tsvyatkova, 2024. "Farmers’ Attitudes To Implementation CAP Greening Practices in Both the Blagoevgrad and Kyustendil Regions in Bulgaria," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 1, pages 128-149.
    3. Adam Kaliszewski & Marek Jabłoński, 2022. "Is It Possible for Poland to Achieve the Policy Goal of 33% Forest Cover by Mid-Century?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.

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