IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v15y2022i3p133-d768269.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Examining Farm Financial Management: How Do Small US Farms Meet Their Agricultural Expenses?

Author

Listed:
  • Omobolaji Omobitan

    (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA)

  • Aditya R. Khanal

    (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA)

Abstract

Small farms in the US have significant challenges in financial management. This study examines how small farmers undertake farm financial management to meet their agricultural and farm-related spending and expenses. Using primary survey data from Tennessee, the study investigates the factors influencing the extent of use of five financing sources to meet the spending and expenses: cash/fund directly generated from the sale of agricultural products, farmer’s past savings, farm household’s off-farm income, income/incentives from government payments, and external loans. Using negative binomial regression estimation of generalized linear models, findings suggest that the decision on the use of financing sources is significantly influenced in general by age, education, income and land acreage holdings, off-farm work, and risk factors related to farmer or farm household. However, the associated factors and their effects on the extent of use are different depending on the financing source.

Suggested Citation

  • Omobolaji Omobitan & Aditya R. Khanal, 2022. "Examining Farm Financial Management: How Do Small US Farms Meet Their Agricultural Expenses?," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:133-:d:768269
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/15/3/133/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/15/3/133/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stefan Dercon & Pramila Krishnan, 1996. "Income portfolios in rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: Choices and constraints," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(6), pages 850-875.
    2. Dercon, Stefan & Christiaensen, Luc, 2011. "Consumption risk, technology adoption and poverty traps: Evidence from Ethiopia," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 159-173, November.
    3. Canagarajah, S. & Newman, C. & Bhattamishra, R., 2001. "Non-farm income, gender, and inequality: evidence from rural Ghana and Uganda," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 405-420, August.
    4. Birthal, Pratap Singh & Joshi, Pramod Kumar & Negi, Digvijay S. & Agarwal, Shaily, 2014. "Changing sources of growth in Indian agriculture: Implications for regional priorities for accelerating agricultural growth:," IFPRI discussion papers 1325, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    5. Stefan Dercon, 0. "Fate and Fear: Risk and Its Consequences in Africa," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 17(suppl_2), pages -127.
    6. Hartarska, Valentina M. & Nadolnyak, Denis A., 2012. "Financing Constraints and Access to Credit in Post Crisis Environment: Evidence from New Farmers in Alabama," 2012 Annual Meeting, August 12-14, 2012, Seattle, Washington 124882, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    7. Charles A. Towe & Mitchell J. Morehart, 2009. "Credit Constraints: Their Existence, Determinants, and Implications for U.S. Farm and Nonfarm Sole Proprietorships," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 91(1), pages 275-289.
    8. Hartarska, Valentina M. & Nadolnyak, Denis A., 2012. "Financing Constraints and Access to Credit in Post Crisis Environment: Evidence from New Farmers in Alabama," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 44(4), pages 1-15, November.
    9. Townsend, Robert M, 1994. "Risk and Insurance in Village India," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 62(3), pages 539-591, May.
    10. Brown, Jason P. & Weber, Jeremy, 2013. "The Off-Farm Occupations of U.S. Farm Operators and Their Spouses," Economic Information Bulletin 156535, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    11. Abhijit V. Banerjee & Esther Duflo, 2007. "The Economic Lives of the Poor," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 21(1), pages 141-168, Winter.
    12. Allen M. Featherstone & Laura M. Roessler & Peter J. Barry, 2006. "Determining the Probability of Default and Risk-Rating Class for Loans in the Seventh Farm Credit District Portfolio," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 28(1), pages 4-23.
    13. Richard Nehring & Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo & David Banker, 2005. "Off-farm labour and the structure of US agriculture: the case of corn/soybean farms," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(6), pages 633-649.
    14. Jijun Niu, 2010. "The Effect of Overconfidence on the Sensitivity of CEO Wealth to Equity Risk," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 38(1), pages 23-39, August.
    15. Allison B. Rosen & Jerry S. Tsai & Stephen M. Downs, 2003. "Variations in Risk Attitude across Race, Gender, and Education," Medical Decision Making, , vol. 23(6), pages 511-517, November.
    16. Velandia, Margarita & Rejesus, Roderick M. & Knight, Thomas O. & Sherrick, Bruce J., 2009. "Factors Affecting Farmers' Utilization of Agricultural Risk Management Tools: The Case of Crop Insurance, Forward Contracting, and Spreading Sales," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 41(1), pages 107-123, April.
    17. Ibrahima Sall & Russell Tronstad, 2021. "Simultaneous Analysis of Insurance Participation and Acreage Response from Subsidized Crop Insurance for Cotton," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-20, November.
    18. Sabasi, Darlington & Shumway, C. Richard & Kompaniyets, Lyudmyla, 2021. "Analysis of Credit Access, U.S. Agricultural Productivity, and Residual Returns to Resources," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 53(3), pages 389-415, August.
    19. Khanal, Aditya R. & Omobitan, Omobolaji, 2020. "Rural Finance, Capital Constrained Small Farms, and Financial Performance: Findings from a Primary Survey," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(2), pages 288-307, May.
    20. Preecha Swasdpeera & I.M. Pandey, 2012. "Determinants of personal saving: a study of salaried individuals in Thailand," Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 3(1), pages 34-68.
    21. Wongnaa, C. A. & Awunyo-Vitor, D., 2013. "Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana," AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Economics and Management, vol. 5(2), pages 1-12, June.
    22. Sudip Adhikari & Aditya R. Khanal, 2021. "Economic Sustainability and Multiple Risk Management Strategies: Examining Interlinked Decisions of Small American Farms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-13, February.
    23. Haden, Kimberly L. & Johnson, Larry A., 1989. "Factors Which Contribute to the Financial Performance of Selected Tennessee Dairies," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 21(1), pages 105-112, July.
    24. Hartarska, Valentina & Nadolnyak, Dennis, 2012. "Financing Constraints and Access to Credit in a Postcrisis Environment: Evidence from New Farmers in Alabama," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 44(4), pages 607-621, November.
    25. Hoppe, Robert A. & MacDonald, James M. & Korb, Penelope J., 2010. "Small Farms in the United States: Persistence Under Pressure," Economic Information Bulletin 58300, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    26. Valentina Hartarska & Denis Nadolnyak & Xuan Shen, 2015. "Agricultural credit and economic growth in rural areas," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 75(3), pages 302-312, September.
    27. Fabio R. Chaddad & Michael L. Cook & Thomas Heckelei, 2005. "Testing for the Presence of Financial Constraints in US Agricultural Cooperatives: An Investment Behaviour Approach," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(3), pages 385-397, December.
    28. Haden, Kimberly L. & Johnson, Larry A., 1989. "Factors Which Contribute To The Financial Performance Of Selected Tennessee Dairies," Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 21(1), pages 1-8, July.
    29. Ashok K. Lahiri, 1989. "Dynamics of Asian Savings: The Role of Growth and Age Structure," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 36(1), pages 228-261, March.
    30. Barry K. Goodwin, 1993. "An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 75(2), pages 425-434.
    31. Denis Nadolnyak & Xuan Shen & Valentina Hartarska, 2017. "Farm income and output and lending by the farm credit system," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 77(1), pages 125-136, May.
    32. Barrett, C. B. & Reardon, T. & Webb, P., 2001. "Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 315-331, August.
    33. Barry K. Goodwin & Vincent H. Smith, 2013. "What Harm Is Done By Subsidizing Crop Insurance?," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 95(2), pages 489-497.
    34. Bruce J. Sherrick & Peter J. Barry & Paul N. Ellinger & Gary D. Schnitkey, 2004. "Factors Influencing Farmers' Crop Insurance Decisions," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 86(1), pages 103-114.
    35. Brasselle, Anne-Sophie & Gaspart, Frederic & Platteau, Jean-Philippe, 2002. "Land tenure security and investment incentives: puzzling evidence from Burkina Faso," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(2), pages 373-418, April.
    36. Aditya R. Khanal & Ashok K. Mishra, 2014. "Agritourism and off-farm work: survival strategies for small farms," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 45(S1), pages 65-76, November.
    37. Hartarska, Valentina M. & Nadolnyak, Denis A., 2012. "Financing Constraints and Access to Credit in Post Crisis Environment: Evidence from New Farmers in Alabama," 2012 Annual Meeting, February 4-7, 2012, Birmingham, Alabama 119799, Southern Agricultural Economics Association.
    38. Eswaran, Mukesh & Kotwal, Ashok, 1990. "Implications of Credit Constraints for Risk Behaviour in Less Developed Economies," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 42(2), pages 473-482, April.
    39. Block, S. & Webb, P., 2001. "The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 333-350, August.
    40. Tanja Havemann & Christine Negra & Fred Werneck, 2020. "Blended finance for agriculture: exploring the constraints and possibilities of combining financial instruments for sustainable transitions," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 37(4), pages 1281-1292, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Iotti, Mattia, 2023. "Financial evaluation and credit access of agricultural firms," Economia agro-alimentare / Food Economy, Italian Society of Agri-food Economics/Società Italiana di Economia Agro-Alimentare (SIEA), vol. 25(2), October.
    2. Mattia Iotti, 2023. "Financial evaluation and credit access of agricultural firms," Economia agro-alimentare, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 25(2), pages 31-67.
    3. Reginald Holland & Aditya R. Khanal & Purushottam Dhungana, 2022. "Agritourism as an Alternative On-Farm Enterprise for Small U.S. Farms: Examining Factors Influencing the Agritourism Decisions of Small Farms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-12, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bretford Griffin & Valentina Hartarska & Denis Nadolnyak, 2020. "Credit Constraints and Beginning Farmers’ Production in the U.S.: Evidence from Propensity Score Matching with Principal Component Clustering," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-12, July.
    2. Liang, Lu, 2014. "Federal Crop Insurance and Credit Constraints: Theory and Evidence," 2014 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2014, Minneapolis, Minnesota 169825, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    3. Sant’Anna, Ana Claudia & Cowley, Cortney & Katchova, Ani L., 2021. "Examining the Relationship between Land Values and Credit Availability," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 53(2), pages 209-228, May.
    4. Grout, Travis & Ifft, Jennifer & Malinovskaya, Anna, 2021. "Energy income and farm viability: Evidence from USDA farm survey data," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    5. Cortney Cowley & Ani L. Katchova & Ana Claudia Sant'Anna, 2020. "Examining the Relationships between Land Values and Credit Availability," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, May.
    6. Renata Baborska & Emilio Hernandez & Emiliano Magrini & Cristian Morales-Opazo, 2020. "The impact of financial inclusion on rural food security experience: A perspective from low-and middle-income countries," Review of Development Finance Journal, Chartered Institute of Development Finance, vol. 10(2), pages 1-18.
    7. Reginald Holland & Aditya R. Khanal & Purushottam Dhungana, 2022. "Agritourism as an Alternative On-Farm Enterprise for Small U.S. Farms: Examining Factors Influencing the Agritourism Decisions of Small Farms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-12, March.
    8. Joseph K. Assan & Pushpam Kumar, 2009. "Introduction: Livelihood options for the poor in the changing environment," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 21(3), pages 393-402.
    9. Yusuf Ibrahim Kofarmata & Abubakar Hamid Danlami, 2021. "A micro-level analysis of the intensity of agricultural finance supply in Nigeria: empirical evidence," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 1-17, January.
    10. Gamel Abdul-Nasser Salifu, 2019. "The Political Economy Dynamics of Rural Household Income Diversification: A Review of the International Literature," Research in World Economy, Research in World Economy, Sciedu Press, vol. 10(3), pages 273-290, December.
    11. Adjei, Eugene & Hartarska, Valentina M., 2022. "An Impact Analysis of the Transition Incentive Program on Beginning Farmers and Ranchers in Rural United States," 2022 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Anaheim, California 322506, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    12. Van Campenhout, Bjorn, 2016. "Risk and Sustainable Crop Intensification," 2016 Fifth International Conference, September 23-26, 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 246917, African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE).
    13. Kopper, Sarah A., 2018. "Agricultural labor markets and fertilizer demand: Intensification is not a single factor problem for non-separable households," 2018 Annual Meeting, August 5-7, Washington, D.C. 274184, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    14. Olale, Edward & Nazli, Hina, 2010. "The Influence of Market Barriers and Farm Income Risk on Non-Farm Income Diversification," Annual Meeting, 2010, Denver Colorado, July 25-27 60915, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society.
    15. Denis Nadolnyak & Valentina Hartarska & Bretford Griffin, 2019. "The Impacts of Economic, Demographic, and Weather Factors on the Exit of Beginning Farmers in the United States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-17, August.
    16. Khan,Waseem & Tabassum, Shazia & Ansari, Saghir Ahmad, 2017. "Can Diversification of Livelihood Sources Increase Income of Farm Households? — A Case Study in Uttar Pradesh," Agricultural Economics Research Review, Agricultural Economics Research Association (India), vol. 30(Conferenc).
    17. Sudip Adhikari & Aditya R. Khanal, 2021. "Economic Sustainability and Multiple Risk Management Strategies: Examining Interlinked Decisions of Small American Farms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-13, February.
    18. Bezu, Sosina & Barrett, Christopher B. & Holden, Stein T., 2012. "Does the Nonfarm Economy Offer Pathways for Upward Mobility? Evidence from a Panel Data Study in Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(8), pages 1634-1646.
    19. Bjorn Van Campenhout & Emmanuel Bizimungu, 2018. "Risk and returns of sustainable crop intensification: The case of smallholder rice and potato farmers in Uganda," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 36(S2), pages 605-633, September.
    20. Rijkers, Bob & Söderbom, Måns, 2013. "The Effects of Risk and Shocks on Non-Farm Enterprise Development in Rural Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 119-136.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:133-:d:768269. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.