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Motivational Factors Are Varying across Age Groups and Gender

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  • Hermundur Sigmundsson

    (Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Research Center for Education and Mindset, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland)

  • Monika Haga

    (Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Magdalena Elnes

    (Department of Primary and Secondary Teacher Education, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway)

  • Benjamin Holen Dybendal

    (Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Fanny Hermundsdottir

    (Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to explore differences in passion for achievement, grit, and mindset across age and gender, by using a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 1548 participants including 931 females and 617 males aged from 13 to 77 years (Mage 26.53 years, SD = 11.77). The eight-item Passion for Achievement Scale was used to assess general passion and the Grit-S scale was used to assess grit. Mindset was assessed using the eight-item Theories of Intelligence Scale (TIS). The results indicated significant differences between the three factors related to age, age groups, and gender. For the total sample, there was a significant gender difference in passion, where males score higher, and growth mindset, where females score higher. With age, passion decreases until the age of 50–59, and slightly increases for the remaining age groups. After a decrease in grit between the first (13–19 years) and the second (20–29 years) age group, grit increases with age. Mindset scores decline strongly after the age of 40–49. Generally, the patterns show that mindset and passion decrease across the life-span, while grit increases. Indeed, these attributes seems to be different from each other, and how they change varies across age groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Hermundur Sigmundsson & Monika Haga & Magdalena Elnes & Benjamin Holen Dybendal & Fanny Hermundsdottir, 2022. "Motivational Factors Are Varying across Age Groups and Gender," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-13, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:5207-:d:801734
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David S. Yeager & Paul Hanselman & Gregory M. Walton & Jared S. Murray & Robert Crosnoe & Chandra Muller & Elizabeth Tipton & Barbara Schneider & Chris S. Hulleman & Cintia P. Hinojosa & David Paunesk, 2019. "A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement," Nature, Nature, vol. 573(7774), pages 364-369, September.
    2. Fabian T C Schmidt & Clemens M Lechner & Daniel Danner, 2020. "New wine in an old bottle? A facet-level perspective on the added value of Grit over BFI–2 Conscientiousness," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(2), pages 1-25, February.
    3. Macnamara, Brooke N. & Rupani, Natasha S., 2017. "The relationship between intelligence and mindset," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 52-59.
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    1. Hermundur Sigmundsson & Jan E. Ingebrigtsen & Benjamin H. Dybendal, 2023. "Well-Being and Perceived Competence in School Children from 1 to 9 Class," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-13, January.
    2. Magdalena Elnes & Hermundur Sigmundsson, 2023. "The General Flow Proneness Scale: Aspects of Reliability and Validity of a New 13-Item Scale Assessing Flow," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(1), pages 21582440231, February.

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