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Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 at 6 Months and Above: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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  • Yirui Ma

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jie Deng

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Qiao Liu

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Min Du

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Min Liu

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Jue Liu

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
    Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road No. 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China)

Abstract

We aimed to review the data available to evaluate the long-term consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 6 months and above. We searched relevant observational cohort studies up to 9 February 2022 in Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science. Random-effects inverse-variance models were used to evaluate the Pooled Prevalence (PP) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) of long-term consequences. The Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to assess the quality of the included cohort studies. A total of 40 studies involving 10,945 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were included. Of the patients, 63.87% had at least one consequence at the 6 month follow-up, which decreased to 58.89% at 12 months. The most common symptoms were fatigue or muscle weakness (PP 6–12 m = 54.21%, PP ≥ 12 m = 34.22%) and mild dyspnea (Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale, mMRC = 0, PP 6–12 m = 74.60%, PP ≥ 12 m = 80.64%). Abnormal computerized tomography (CT; PP 6–12 m = 55.68%, PP ≥ 12 m = 43.76%) and lung diffuse function impairment, i.e., a carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) of < 80% were common (PP 6–12 m = 49.10%, PP ≥ 12 m = 31.80%). Anxiety and depression (PP 6–12 m = 33.49%, PP ≥ 12 m = 35.40%) and pain or discomfort (PP 6–12 m = 33.26%, PP ≥ 12 m = 35.31%) were the most common problems that affected patients’ quality of life. Our findings suggest a significant long-term impact on health and quality of life due to COVID-19, and as waves of ASRS-CoV-2 infections emerge, the long-term effects of COVID-19 will not only increase the difficulty of care for COVID-19 survivors and the setting of public health policy but also might lead to another public health crisis following the current pandemic, which would also increase the global long-term burden of disease.

Suggested Citation

  • Yirui Ma & Jie Deng & Qiao Liu & Min Du & Min Liu & Jue Liu, 2022. "Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 at 6 Months and Above: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-16, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:11:p:6865-:d:831281
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    2. Sarah Houben & Bruno Bonnechère, 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Cognitive Function and the Implication for Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-21, June.
    3. Yirui Ma & Jie Deng & Qiao Liu & Min Du & Min Liu & Jue Liu, 2023. "Long-Term Consequences of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-13, January.
    4. Min Du & Yirui Ma & Jie Deng & Min Liu & Jue Liu, 2022. "Comparison of Long COVID-19 Caused by Different SARS-CoV-2 Strains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-15, November.
    5. Sime Smolic & Nikola Blazevski & Margareta Fabijancic, 2024. "Perceived unmet healthcare needs among older Europeans in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: the telemedicine solution," Public Sector Economics, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 48(2), pages 125-150.

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