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Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Jaber S Alqahtani
  • Tope Oyelade
  • Abdulelah M Aldhahir
  • Saeed M Alghamdi
  • Mater Almehmadi
  • Abdullah S Alqahtani
  • Shumonta Quaderi
  • Swapna Mandal
  • John R Hurst

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an evolving infectious disease that dramatically spread all over the world in the early part of 2020. No studies have yet summarized the potential severity and mortality risks caused by COVID-19 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and we update information in smokers. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases from inception to March 24, 2020. Data were extracted by two independent authors in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We synthesized a narrative from eligible studies and conducted a meta-analysis using a random-effects model to calculate pooled prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: In total, 123 abstracts were screened and 61 full-text manuscripts were reviewed. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, which included a total of 2473 confirmed COVID-19 patients. All studies were included in the meta-analysis. The crude case fatality rate of COVID-19 was 7.4%. The pooled prevalence rates of COPD patients and smokers in COVID-19 cases were 2% (95% CI, 1%–3%) and 9% (95% CI, 4%–14%) respectively. COPD patients were at a higher risk of more severe disease (risk of severity = 63%, (22/35) compared to patients without COPD 33.4% (409/1224) [calculated RR, 1.88 (95% CI, 1.4–2.4)]. This was associated with higher mortality (60%). Our results showed that 22% (31/139) of current smokers and 46% (13/28) of ex-smokers had severe complications. The calculated RR showed that current smokers were 1.45 times more likely [95% CI: 1.03–2.04] to have severe complications compared to former and never smokers. Current smokers also had a higher mortality rate of 38.5%. Conclusion: Although COPD prevalence in COVID-19 cases was low in current reports, COVID-19 infection was associated with substantial severity and mortality rates in COPD. Compared to former and never smokers, current smokers were at greater risk of severe complications and higher mortality rate. Effective preventive measures are required to reduce COVID-19 risk in COPD patients and current smokers.

Suggested Citation

  • Jaber S Alqahtani & Tope Oyelade & Abdulelah M Aldhahir & Saeed M Alghamdi & Mater Almehmadi & Abdullah S Alqahtani & Shumonta Quaderi & Swapna Mandal & John R Hurst, 2020. "Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(5), pages 1-13, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0233147
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233147
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    1. Ejin Kim & Yong Chul Kim & Jae Yoon Park & Jiyun Jung & Jung Pyo Lee & Ho Kim, 2021. "Evaluation of the Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients According to the Presence of Underlying Diseases and Drug Treatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-14, May.
    2. Dimitra Kale & Olga Perski & Aleksandra Herbec & Emma Beard & Lion Shahab, 2022. "Changes in Cigarette Smoking and Vaping in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK: Findings from Baseline and 12-Month Follow up of HEBECO Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Louisa L. Y. Chan & Danielle E. Anderson & Hong Sheng Cheng & Fransiskus Xaverius Ivan & Si Chen & Adrian E. Z. Kang & Randy Foo & Akshamal M. Gamage & Pei Yee Tiew & Mariko Siyue Koh & Ken Cheah Hooi, 2022. "The establishment of COPD organoids to study host-pathogen interaction reveals enhanced viral fitness of SARS-CoV-2 in bronchi," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, December.
    4. Linh T. Bui & Nichelle I. Winters & Mei-I Chung & Chitra Joseph & Austin J. Gutierrez & Arun C. Habermann & Taylor S. Adams & Jonas C. Schupp & Sergio Poli & Lance M. Peter & Chase J. Taylor & Jessica, 2021. "Chronic lung diseases are associated with gene expression programs favoring SARS-CoV-2 entry and severity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-13, December.
    5. Eugenia Lee & Stephanie Pike Moore & Erika Trapl & Craig S. Fryer & Douglas Gunzler & Kymberle L. Sterling, 2022. "Changes in Little Cigar and Cigarillo Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample of Young Adult Users," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-11, July.
    6. Aurea Lima & Hugo Sousa & Amanda Nobre & Ana Luisa Faria & Manuela Machado, 2021. "The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Portuguese Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-15, August.
    7. Jesus González-Rubio & Carmen Navarro-López & Elena López-Nájera & Ana López-Nájera & Lydia Jiménez-Díaz & Juan D. Navarro-López & Alberto Nájera, 2020. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hospitalised Current Smokers and COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-16, October.
    8. Ning Zhang & Tao Xie & Wei Ning & Rongxin He & Bin Zhu & Ying Mao, 2021. "The Severity of COVID-19 and Its Determinants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-17, May.
    9. Yoo Min Park & Gregory D. Kearney & Bennett Wall & Katherine Jones & Robert J. Howard & Ray H. Hylock, 2021. "COVID-19 Deaths in the United States: Shifts in Hot Spots over the Three Phases of the Pandemic and the Spatiotemporally Varying Impact of Pandemic Vulnerability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-15, August.
    10. Rhys Hamon & Miranda P. Ween, 2022. "E-Cigarette Vapour Increases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in a Flavour- and Nicotine-Dependent Manner," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-12, November.
    11. Yirui Ma & Jie Deng & Qiao Liu & Min Du & Min Liu & Jue Liu, 2022. "Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 at 6 Months and Above: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-16, June.
    12. Romain Guignard & Guillemette Quatremère & Anne Pasquereau & Cécile Jartoux & Laure Salvaing & Guillaume Caline & François Beck & Viêt Nguyen Thanh, 2022. "Barriers Against and Motivations for Quitting Smoking during the COVID-19 Health Crisis: Results of a Qualitative Study in France," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-11, October.
    13. Mariaelena Gonzalez & Anna E. Epperson & Bonnie Halpern-Felsher & Deanna M. Halliday & Anna V. Song, 2021. "Smokers Are More Likely to Smoke More after the COVID-19 California Lockdown Order," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-9, March.
    14. Irfan, Muhammad & Akram, Waqar & James Hooper, Vincent, 2020. "What factors can help COVID-19 patients to recover quickly in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 103053, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 15 Sep 2020.
    15. Khurshid, Adnan & Chen, Yufeng & Rauf, Abdur & Khan, Khalid, 2023. "Critical metals in uncertainty: How Russia-Ukraine conflict drives their prices?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).

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