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Smokers Are More Likely to Smoke More after the COVID-19 California Lockdown Order

Author

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  • Mariaelena Gonzalez

    (Nicotine and Cannabis Policy Center, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
    Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA)

  • Anna E. Epperson

    (Nicotine and Cannabis Policy Center, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
    Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA)

  • Bonnie Halpern-Felsher

    (Nicotine and Cannabis Policy Center, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
    Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA)

  • Deanna M. Halliday

    (Nicotine and Cannabis Policy Center, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
    Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA)

  • Anna V. Song

    (Nicotine and Cannabis Policy Center, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
    Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA)

Abstract

To determine if cigarette smoking, electronic cigarette use, and rate of consumption of these products differed before and after a pandemic lockdown order, two convenience samples of adults in Central California were recruited and surveyed before (March 2020) and after (May 2020) COVID-19 lockdown orders were implemented in California ( n = 2571). Multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression models tested the association between adults recruited pre- or post-California lockdown and past month cigarette use, past month electronic cigarette use, past month cigarette consumption, and past month e-cigarette consumption among current users, controlling for demographic differences. Adults pre- and post-lockdown had equal odds of using cigarettes during the past month. Cigarette users who responded post-lockdown had higher cigarette consumption rates compared to cigarette users who responded pre-lockdown (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.23). Adults who responded post-lockdown had lower odds of using electronic cigarettes during the past month compared to participants surveyed before the order (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.78). Cigarette users may be using more cigarettes during the state mandated lockdown. Possible causes for this increase in cigarette use may include increased stress, the change in workplace smokefree protections coverage, and increased opportunities for smoking or vaping.

Suggested Citation

  • Mariaelena Gonzalez & Anna E. Epperson & Bonnie Halpern-Felsher & Deanna M. Halliday & Anna V. Song, 2021. "Smokers Are More Likely to Smoke More after the COVID-19 California Lockdown Order," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-9, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2582-:d:510757
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    2. Brandon W. Reed & Arthur L. Brody & Andre Y. Sanavi & Neal Doran, 2023. "Associations between Tobacco Use, Surges, and Vaccination Status over Time in the COVID-19 Era," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-8, January.
    3. Alexa M. L’Insalata & Jeffrey M. Girard & Tera L. Fazzino, 2024. "Sources of Environmental Reinforcement and Engagement in Health Risk Behaviors Among a General Population Sample of US Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(11), pages 1-15, October.
    4. Xiaoyu Wang & Zaifei Ma & Chunan Wang, 2022. "A Longitudinal Study on the Addictive Behaviors of General Population before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-12, May.

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