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Polycycl. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure of Children in Typical Household Coal Combustion Environments: Seasonal Variations, Sources, and Carcinogenic Risks

Author

Listed:
  • Yunwei Liu

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Ning Qin

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Weigang Liang

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Xing Chen

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Rong Hou

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Yijin Kang

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Qian Guo

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Suzhen Cao

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Xiaoli Duan

    (School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from the combustion of household solid coal for cooking and heating cause great harm to public health in China, especially in less developed areas. Children are one of the most susceptible population groups at risk of indoor air pollutants due to their immature respiratory and immune systems. However, information on PAH exposure of children is limited due to limited monitoring data. In this study, we aimed to assess the seasonal differences of PAHs in classrooms, analyze the pollutant sources, and calculate the incremental lifetime cancer risk attributable to PAHs in Shanxi Provence. A typical school using household coal combustion in Shanxi Province was selected. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 )samples were collected by both individual samplers and fixed middle-flow samplers during the heating and non-heating seasons in December 2018 and April 2019. The PAH concentrations in PM 2.5 samples were analyzed by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The results showed that PAH concentrations in PM 2.5 varied between 89.1 ng/m 3 in the heating season and 1.75 ng/m 3 in the non-heating season. The mean concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic marker of PAHs, were 10.3 and 0.05 ng/m 3 in the heating and non-heating seasons, respectively. Source allocation analysis of individual portable and passive samplers revealed that the main contributors during heating and non-heating seasons were coal combustion and gasoline sources, respectively. According to the results of a Monte Carlo simulation, the incremental lifetime cancer risk values from the inhalation of PAHs in the heating and non-heating seasons were 3.1 × 10 −6 and 5.7 × 10 −8 , respectively. The significant increase in PAHs and the incremental lifetime cancer risk in the heating season indicates that children are more exposed to health threats in winter. Further PAH exposure control strategies, including reducing coal usage and promoting clean fuel applications, need to be developed to reduce the risk of PAH-induced cancer.

Suggested Citation

  • Yunwei Liu & Ning Qin & Weigang Liang & Xing Chen & Rong Hou & Yijin Kang & Qian Guo & Suzhen Cao & Xiaoli Duan, 2020. "Polycycl. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure of Children in Typical Household Coal Combustion Environments: Seasonal Variations, Sources, and Carcinogenic Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:18:p:6520-:d:410224
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jin, Yinlong & Ma, Xiao & Chen, Xining & Cheng, Yibin & Baris, Enis & Ezzati, Majid, 2006. "Exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use in rural China: The interactions of technology, behavior, and knowledge in health risk management," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(12), pages 3161-3176, June.
    2. Lin, Bo-qiang & Liu, Jiang-hua, 2010. "Estimating coal production peak and trends of coal imports in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 512-519, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ivana Jakovljević & Zdravka Sever Štrukil & Ranka Godec & Ivan Bešlić & Silvije Davila & Mario Lovrić & Gordana Pehnec, 2020. "Pollution Sources and Carcinogenic Risk of PAHs in PM 1 Particle Fraction in an Urban Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.
    2. Ning Qin & Ayibota Tuerxunbieke & Qin Wang & Xing Chen & Rong Hou & Xiangyu Xu & Yunwei Liu & Dongqun Xu & Shu Tao & Xiaoli Duan, 2021. "Key Factors for Improving the Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of PAH Inhalation Exposure by Monte Carlo Simulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-14, October.
    3. Tun Z. Maung & Jack E. Bishop & Eleanor Holt & Alice M. Turner & Christian Pfrang, 2022. "Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Ex," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-24, July.
    4. Nor Ashikin Sopian & Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar & Titi Rahmawati Hamedon & Mohd Talib Latif, 2021. "Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.

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