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Health and Risk Behaviors of Bystanders: An Integrative Theoretical Model of Bystanders’ Reactions to Mistreatment

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  • Yariv Itzkovich

    (Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee, Tzemach 1410502, Israel)

  • Ella Barhon

    (Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee, Tzemach 1410502, Israel)

  • Rachel Lev-Wiesel

    (School for Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel)

Abstract

This article constructs a comprehensive theoretical model that outlines bystanders’ emotional and behavioral responses to the mistreatment of adolescent peers. The model captures bystanders’ risk and health risk behaviors, which have been overlooked in the context of their reactions; when addressed at all in connection with bystanders of bullying among adolescents, they have been treated separately. Here, we present bystanders’ emotional and cognitive reactions and their impact on bystanders’ responses including a set of responses that demonstrate risk and health risk behaviors that are directed to the bystander as a victim by proxy. The theoretical framework is the conservation of resources theory, which posits that personal resources (i.e., potency and moral disengagement) and social resources impact the process that leads to bystanders’ reactions. Previous models have overlooked the integrative viewpoint of bystanders, and comprehensive models that explain bystanders’ behavioral and emotional responses have received little attention especially with regards to adolescents. Two recent models overlooked core features embedded in the current model, including the risk and health risk behaviors that it integrates. The proposed model presents a novel and more comprehensive view of bystanders’ reactions and the process underlying these reactions. It integrates existing knowledge embedded in other existing models. At the same time, this perspective indicates the centricity of potency as a key resource that dictates the emotional response and behaviors of bystanders. This potentially allows for new applications in the mitigation of adverse impacts that follow the witnessing of mistreatment. The article discusses these applications, which are based on previous findings, their implications for practice, and directions for future empirical research necessary to validate the model.

Suggested Citation

  • Yariv Itzkovich & Ella Barhon & Rachel Lev-Wiesel, 2021. "Health and Risk Behaviors of Bystanders: An Integrative Theoretical Model of Bystanders’ Reactions to Mistreatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-14, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:5552-:d:560131
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gabriele Giorgi & Jose Leon-Perez & Alicia Arenas, 2015. "Are Bullying Behaviors Tolerated in Some Cultures? Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between Workplace Bullying and Job Satisfaction Among Italian Workers," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 131(1), pages 227-237, September.
    2. Zepeng Huang & Zhenni Liu & Xiangxiang Liu & Laiwen Lv & Yan Zhang & Limin Ou & Liping Li, 2016. "Risk Factors Associated with Peer Victimization and Bystander Behaviors among Adolescent Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-11, July.
    3. Ben-Sira, Zeev, 1985. "Potency: A stress-buffering link in the coping-stress-disease relationship," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 21(4), pages 397-406, January.
    4. Zimmerman, G.M. & Posick, C., 2016. "Risk factors for and behavioral consequences of direct versus indirect exposure to violence," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(1), pages 178-188.
    5. Limor Goldner & Rachel Lev-Weisel & Yael Schanan, 2019. "Caring about Tomorrow: the Role of Potency, Socio-Economic Status and Gender in Israeli Adolescents’ Academic Future Orientation," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 12(4), pages 1333-1349, August.
    6. Karl E. Weick & Kathleen M. Sutcliffe & David Obstfeld, 2005. "Organizing and the Process of Sensemaking," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 16(4), pages 409-421, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Joséphine Pascale Ada Manga & Pascale Desrumaux & Willys N’dong Nguema, 2023. "Workplace Bullying Seen from the Perspective of Bystanders: Effects on Engagement and Burnout, Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Affects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(19), pages 1-14, September.
    2. Andrés Concha-Salgado & Angélica Ramírez & Beatriz Pérez & Ricardo Pérez-Luco & Eduardo García-Cueto, 2022. "Moral Disengagement as a Self-Regulatory Cognitive Process of Transgressions: Psychometric Evidence of the Bandura Scale in Chilean Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-25, September.

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