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Risk factors for and behavioral consequences of direct versus indirect exposure to violence

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  • Zimmerman, G.M.
  • Posick, C.

Abstract

Research suggests that direct exposure (personal victimization) and indirect exposure (witnessing or hearing about the victimization of a family member, friend, or neighbor) to violence are correlated. However, questions remain about the co-occurrence of these phenomena within individuals. We used data on 1915 youths (with an average age of 12 years at baseline) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to examine this issue. Results indicated that youths who tended to be personally victimized were also likely to witness violence; conversely, youths who disproportionately witnessed violence were relatively unlikely to experience personal victimization. In addition, direct and indirect exposures to violence were associated with subsequent adverse outcomes in similar ways. The key distinguishing factor was, rather, the cumulative level of violence (bothdirect and indirect) towhich youthswere exposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Zimmerman, G.M. & Posick, C., 2016. "Risk factors for and behavioral consequences of direct versus indirect exposure to violence," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(1), pages 178-188.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2015.302920_5
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302920
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    Cited by:

    1. Farrell, Chelsea & Zimmerman, Gregory M., 2017. "Does offending intensify as exposure to violence aggregates? Reconsidering the effects of repeat victimization, types of exposure to violence, and poly-victimization on property crime, violent offendi," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 25-33.
    2. Zimmerman, Gregory M. & Farrell, Chelsea & Posick, Chad, 2017. "Does the strength of the victim-offender overlap depend on the relationship between the victim and perpetrator?," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 21-29.
    3. Zepeng Huang & Zhenni Liu & Xiangxiang Liu & Laiwen Lv & Yan Zhang & Limin Ou & Liping Li, 2016. "Risk Factors Associated with Peer Victimization and Bystander Behaviors among Adolescent Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-11, July.
    4. Oliveira, Raquel V. & Beaver, Kevin M., 2021. "Exploring effects of psycho-bio-social risk factors on later offending," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    5. Yariv Itzkovich & Ella Barhon & Rachel Lev-Wiesel, 2021. "Health and Risk Behaviors of Bystanders: An Integrative Theoretical Model of Bystanders’ Reactions to Mistreatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-14, May.

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