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Resilience Moderates Negative Outcome from Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated-Mediation Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Audun Havnen

    (Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Frederick Anyan

    (Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Odin Hjemdal

    (Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Stian Solem

    (Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Maja Gurigard Riksfjord

    (Molde Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, 6412 Molde, Norway)

  • Kristen Hagen

    (Molde Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, 6412 Molde, Norway
    Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

Resilience refers to an individual’s healthy coping abilities when encountering adverse life events. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a situation with a high amount of stress exposure, which in turn may be associated with negative emotional outcome like depressive symptoms. The current study investigated if resilience moderated the effect of stress on symptoms of depression and if anxiety symptoms mediated this association. An adult sample of community controls completed the Perceived stress scale 14 (PSS-14), the Resilience scale for adults (RSA), the Patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized anxiety disorder 7 (GAD-7). Independent samples t-test, correlation analyses and moderated mediation analyses were conducted. The results showed that resilience moderated the relations between stress and anxiety symptoms (β = −0.131, p < 0.001) as well as between stress and depressive symptoms (β = −0.068, p < 0.05). In support of a moderated mediation model, resilience moderated the indirect effect of stress on depressive symptom, as confirmed by the index of moderated mediation (IMM = −0.036, p < 0.001; [95% BCa: −0.055, −0.020]). The high resilience subgroup was less affected than the low resilience subgroup by the effect of stress exposure symptoms of depression, mediated by anxiety. The study shows that stress exposure is associated with symptoms of depression, and anxiety mediates this association. Level of resilience differentiates the direct and indirect effect of stress on depression. Knowledge about the effect of stress in response to a pandemic is important for developing treatment and prevention strategies for stress, depression and health-related anxiety.

Suggested Citation

  • Audun Havnen & Frederick Anyan & Odin Hjemdal & Stian Solem & Maja Gurigard Riksfjord & Kristen Hagen, 2020. "Resilience Moderates Negative Outcome from Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated-Mediation Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-12, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:18:p:6461-:d:409158
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cuiyan Wang & Riyu Pan & Xiaoyang Wan & Yilin Tan & Linkang Xu & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger C. Ho, 2020. "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-25, March.
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    Cited by:

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    3. Finiki Nearchou & Ellen Douglas, 2021. "Traumatic Distress of COVID-19 and Depression in the General Population: Exploring the Role of Resilience, Anxiety, and Hope," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-14, August.
    4. Maria Llistosella & Pere Castellvi & Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal & Silvia Recoder & Ester Calbo & Marc Casajuana-Closas & David Leiva & Rumen Manolov & Nuria Matilla-Santander & Carlos G. Forero, 2022. "Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-15, November.
    5. Eva Hernandez-Garcia & Evangelia Chrysikou & Anastasia Z. Kalea, 2021. "The Interplay between Housing Environmental Attributes and Design Exposures and Psychoneuroimmunology Profile—An Exploratory Review and Analysis Paper in the Cancer Survivors’ Mental Health Morbidity ," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-32, October.
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    7. Roger J. Mullins & Timothy J. Meeker & Paige M. Vinch & Ingrid K. Tulloch & Mark I. Saffer & Jui-Hong Chien & O. Joseph Bienvenu & Frederick A. Lenz, 2022. "A Cross-Sectional Time Course of COVID-19 Related Worry, Perceived Stress, and General Anxiety in the Context of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-like Symptomatology," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-16, June.
    8. Csanád Szabó & Judit Pukánszky & Lajos Kemény, 2020. "Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hungarian Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-15, December.
    9. Fernando Molero & Patricia Recio & Encarnación Sarriá, 2021. "Living Space and Job Prospects and Their Relationship with Subjective Well-Being during COVID-19 Confinement in Spain: The Mediator Role of Resilience," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-13, August.
    10. Amoneeta Beckstein & Marie Chollier & Sangeeta Kaur & Ananta Raj Ghimire, 2022. "Mental Wellbeing and Boosting Resilience to Mitigate the Adverse Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Critical Narrative Review," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(2), pages 21582440221, May.
    11. Daniel T. L. Shek & Janet T. Y. Leung & Lindan Tan, 2023. "Social Policies and Theories on Quality of Life under COVID-19: In Search of the Missing Links," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(3), pages 1149-1165, June.
    12. Rosa Mª Baños & Juan J. Garcés & Marta Miragall & Rocío Herrero & Mª Dolores Vara & Emilio Soria-Olivas, 2022. "Exploring the Heterogeneity and Trajectories of Positive Functioning Variables, Emotional Distress, and Post-traumatic Growth During Strict Confinement Due to COVID-19," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 1683-1708, April.

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