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Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population

Author

Listed:
  • Maria Llistosella

    (Primary Health Care, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, 08227 Terrassa, Spain
    Department of Nursing, Universitat International de Catalunya (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain)

  • Pere Castellvi

    (School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain)

  • Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal

    (School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain)

  • Silvia Recoder

    (Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain)

  • Ester Calbo

    (Servei Català de la Salut, 08028 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Marc Casajuana-Closas

    (Institut Universitari de Investigació en Atenció Primaria Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain)

  • David Leiva

    (Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Rumen Manolov

    (Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Nuria Matilla-Santander

    (Unit of Occupational Medicine, The Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden)

  • Carlos G. Forero

    (School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain)

Abstract

Background: The aim is to analyze whether people with low resilience are at higher risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adults. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study was carried out. Resilience was measured with the CD-RISC. Mental health problems that were assessed included: Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (STB), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results: we found statistically significant differences between groups and resilience scores in MDE [F (3; 48.40) = 19.55], GAD [F (3; 19.63) = 6.45] and STB [F (3; 111.74) = 31.94]. Multivariable analyses showed individuals with very low resilience were at a 5-fold risk of Incidence of MDE and a 4-fold risk of STB. Persistent group presented a 21-fold risk of MDE and 54-fold risk of STB. No evidence of higher risk was found for GAD. Individuals with low resilience and exposed to COVID-19 were not at higher risk. Individuals with low resilience were at higher risk of PTSD in general population [β(95% CI) = −3.25 (−3.969 to −2.54)], but not for individuals with COVID-19. Conclusions: in the general population, having low or very low resilience increases the risk of suffering MDE, STB, and PTSD, but not GAD during the COVID-19 pandemic, and not in the population with COVID-19.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Llistosella & Pere Castellvi & Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal & Silvia Recoder & Ester Calbo & Marc Casajuana-Closas & David Leiva & Rumen Manolov & Nuria Matilla-Santander & Carlos G. Forero, 2022. "Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:22:p:15398-:d:979451
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Katrina D Hopkins & Stephen R Zubrick & Catherine L Taylor, 2014. "Resilience amongst Australian Aboriginal Youth: An Ecological Analysis of Factors Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in High and Low Family Risk Contexts," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(7), pages 1-12, July.
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