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Prospective Application of Palm Oil Mill Boiler Ash as a Biosorbent: Effect of Microwave Irradiation and Palm Oil Mill Effluent Decolorization by Adsorption

Author

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  • Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah

    (Smart Farming Technology Research Center, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Fitri Ahmad Asri

    (Smart Farming Technology Research Center, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400, Malaysia)

  • Hasfalina Che Man

    (Smart Farming Technology Research Center, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400, Malaysia)

  • Abdulsalam Mohammed

    (Smart Farming Technology Research Center, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400, Malaysia
    Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810222, Nigeria)

Abstract

Common conventional biological treatment methods fail to decolorize palm oil mill effluent (POME). The present study focused on using the abundant palm oil mill boiler (POMB) ashes for POME decolorization. The POMB ashes were subjected to microwave irradiation and chemical treatment using H 2 SO 4 . The resultant adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The adsorption efficiency was evaluated at various pH levels (2–8.5), adsorption dosages (3–15 g) in 200 mL, and contact times (1–5 h). The microwave-irradiated POMB-retained ash recorded the highest color removal of 92.31%, for which the best conditions were pH 2, 15 g adsorbent dosage in 200 mL, and 5 h of contact time. At these best treatment conditions, the color concentration of the treated effluent was analyzed using the method proposed by the American Dye Manufacturers Institute (ADMI). The color concentration was 19.20 ADMI, which complies with the Malaysia discharge standard class A. The Freundlich isotherm model better fit the experimental data and had a high R 2 of 0.9740. Based on these results, it can be deduced that microwave-irradiated POMB-retained ash has potential applications for POME decolorization via a biosorption process.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah & Muhammad Fitri Ahmad Asri & Hasfalina Che Man & Abdulsalam Mohammed, 2019. "Prospective Application of Palm Oil Mill Boiler Ash as a Biosorbent: Effect of Microwave Irradiation and Palm Oil Mill Effluent Decolorization by Adsorption," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:18:p:3453-:d:267991
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Muhammad Tahir Amin & Abdulrahman Ali Alazba & Muhammad Shafiq, 2015. "Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Black 5 from Wastewater Using Bentonite Clay: Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-17, November.
    2. Mohammed Abdulsalam & Hasfalina Che Man & Aida Isma Idris & Zurina Zainal Abidin & Khairul Faezah Yunos, 2018. "The Pertinence of Microwave Irradiated Coconut Shell Bio-Sorbent for Wastewater Decolourization: Structural Morphology and Adsorption Optimization Using the Response Surface Method (RSM)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, October.
    3. Ao, Wenya & Fu, Jie & Mao, Xiao & Kang, Qinhao & Ran, Chunmei & Liu, Yang & Zhang, Hedong & Gao, Zuopeng & Li, Jing & Liu, Guangqing & Dai, Jianjun, 2018. "Microwave assisted preparation of activated carbon from biomass: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 958-979.
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