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The Pertinence of Microwave Irradiated Coconut Shell Bio-Sorbent for Wastewater Decolourization: Structural Morphology and Adsorption Optimization Using the Response Surface Method (RSM)

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  • Mohammed Abdulsalam

    (Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
    Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810222, Nigeria)

  • Hasfalina Che Man

    (Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia)

  • Aida Isma Idris

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Segi University, Kota Damansara Selangor 47810, Malaysia)

  • Zurina Zainal Abidin

    (Departments of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia)

  • Khairul Faezah Yunos

    (Department of Food and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia)

Abstract

Palm oil mill effluent contains carcinogenic coloured compounds that are difficult to separate due to their aromatic structure. Though colour treatment using adsorption processes at lower pH (<4) have been reported effectual, due to its acidity the remediated effluent poses an environmental hazard as a result. Thus, the current study focused on achieving decolourization at neutral pH by enhancing the morphology of the coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) using N 2 as activating-agent with microwave irradiation heating. The microwave pretreated and non-pretreated CSAC were characterized using scanned electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. A significant modification in the porous structure with a 66.62% increase in the specific surface area was achieved after the pretreatment. The adsorption experimental matrix was developed using the central composite design to investigate the colour adsorption performance under varied pH (6–7), dosage (2–6 g) and contact time (10–100 min). At optimum conditions of neutral pH (7), 3.208 g dosage and contact time of 35 min, the percentage of colour removal was 96.29% with negligible differences compared with the predicted value, 95.855%. The adsorption equilibrium capacity of 1430.1 ADMI × mL/g was attained at the initial colour concentration of 2025 ADMI at 27 °C. The experimental data fitted better with the Freundlich isotherm model with R 2 0.9851.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed Abdulsalam & Hasfalina Che Man & Aida Isma Idris & Zurina Zainal Abidin & Khairul Faezah Yunos, 2018. "The Pertinence of Microwave Irradiated Coconut Shell Bio-Sorbent for Wastewater Decolourization: Structural Morphology and Adsorption Optimization Using the Response Surface Method (RSM)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:10:p:2200-:d:174355
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tee, Pei Fang & Abdullah, Mohammad Omar & Tan, Ivy Ai Wei & Rashid, Nur Khairunnisa Abdul & Amin, Mohamed Afizal Mohamed & Nolasco-Hipolito, Cirilo & Bujang, Kopli, 2016. "Review on hybrid energy systems for wastewater treatment and bio-energy production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 235-246.
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    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah & Muhammad Fitri Ahmad Asri & Hasfalina Che Man & Abdulsalam Mohammed, 2019. "Prospective Application of Palm Oil Mill Boiler Ash as a Biosorbent: Effect of Microwave Irradiation and Palm Oil Mill Effluent Decolorization by Adsorption," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Mohammed Umar Abba & Hasfalina Che Man & Raba’ah Syahidah Azis & Aida Isma Idris & Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah & Mohammed Abdulsalam, 2021. "Synthesis of Nano-Magnetite from Industrial Mill Chips for the Application of Boron Removal: Characterization and Adsorption Efficacy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-18, February.

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