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Authentication and Billing for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging in an Internet of Electric Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Eiman ElGhanam

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates)

  • Ibtihal Ahmed

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates)

  • Mohamed Hassan

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates)

  • Ahmed Osman

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates)

Abstract

Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is a promising technology to charge Electric Vehicles (EV) using on-road charging segments (CS), also known as DWC pads. In order to ensure effective utilization of this on-the-road charging service, communication and coordination need to be established between the EVs and the different network entities, thereby forming an Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV). In an IoEV, EVs can utilize different V2X communication modes to enable charging scheduling, load management, and reliable authentication and billing services. Yet, designing an authentication scheme for dynamic EV charging presents significant challenges given the mobility of the EVs and the short contact time between the EVs and the charging segments. Accordingly, this work proposes a fast, secure and lightweight authentication scheme that allows only authentic EVs with valid credentials to charge their batteries while ensuring secure and fair payments. The presented scheme starts with a key pre-distribution phase between the charging service company (CSC) and the charging pad owner (PO), followed by a hash chain and digital signature-based registration and authentication phase between the EV and the CSC, before the EV reaches the beginning of the charging lane. These preliminary authentication phases allow the authentication between the EVs and the charging segments to be performed using simple hash key verification operations prior to charging activation, which reduces the computational cost of the EVs and the CS. Symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography are utilized to secure the communication between the different network entities. Analysis of the computational and transmission time requirements of the proposed authentication scheme shows that, for an EV traveling at 60 km/h to start charging at the beginning of the charging lane, the authentication process must be initiated at least 1.35 m ahead of the starting point of the lane as it requires ≃81 ms to be completed.

Suggested Citation

  • Eiman ElGhanam & Ibtihal Ahmed & Mohamed Hassan & Ahmed Osman, 2021. "Authentication and Billing for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging in an Internet of Electric Vehicles," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:13:y:2021:i:10:p:257-:d:651457
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eiman ElGhanam & Mohamed Hassan & Ahmed Osman, 2021. "Design of a High Power, LCC-Compensated, Dynamic, Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System with Improved Misalignment Tolerance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-26, February.
    2. Shahid Hussain & Ki-Beom Lee & Mohamed A. Ahmed & Barry Hayes & Young-Chon Kim, 2020. "Two-Stage Fuzzy Logic Inference Algorithm for Maximizing the Quality of Performance under the Operational Constraints of Power Grid in Electric Vehicle Parking Lots," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-31, September.
    3. Gaizka Saldaña & Jose Ignacio San Martin & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    4. Shahid Hussain & Mohamed A. Ahmed & Ki-Beom Lee & Young-Chon Kim, 2020. "Fuzzy Logic Weight Based Charging Scheme for Optimal Distribution of Charging Power among Electric Vehicles in a Parking Lot," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-27, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kim, Myeonghyun & Lee, Joonyoung & Oh, Jihyeon & Park, Kisung & Park, Youngho & Park, Kilhoum, 2022. "Blockchain based energy trading scheme for vehicle-to-vehicle using decentralized identifiers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    2. Guma Ali & Mussa Ally Dida & Anael Elikana Sam, 2021. "A Secure and Efficient Multi-Factor Authentication Algorithm for Mobile Money Applications," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-31, November.
    3. Arpit Jain & Jaspreet Singh & Sandeep Kumar & Țurcanu Florin-Emilian & Mihaltan Traian Candin & Premkumar Chithaluru, 2022. "Improved Recurrent Neural Network Schema for Validating Digital Signatures in VANET," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(20), pages 1-23, October.
    4. Evgenia Kapassa & Marinos Themistocleous & Klitos Christodoulou & Elias Iosif, 2021. "Blockchain Application in Internet of Vehicles: Challenges, Contributions and Current Limitations," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-32, December.
    5. Kakkar, Riya & Agrawal, Smita & Tanwar, Sudeep, 2024. "A systematic survey on demand response management schemes for electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).

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