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Blockchain Application in Internet of Vehicles: Challenges, Contributions and Current Limitations

Author

Listed:
  • Evgenia Kapassa

    (Institute for the Future, Department of Digital Innovation, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus)

  • Marinos Themistocleous

    (Institute for the Future, Department of Digital Innovation, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus)

  • Klitos Christodoulou

    (Institute for the Future, Department of Digital Innovation, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus)

  • Elias Iosif

    (Institute for the Future, Department of Digital Innovation, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus)

Abstract

Blockchain technology is highly coupled with cryptocurrencies; however, it provides several other potential use cases, related to energy and sustainability, Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, smart mobility and more. Blockchain can offer security for Electric Vehicle (EV) transactions in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) concept, allowing electricity trading to be performed in a decentralized, transparent and secure way. Additionally, blockchain provides the necessary functionalities for IoV decentralized application development, such as data exchange, personal digital identity, sharing economy and optimized charging pattern. Moreover, blockchain technology has the potential to significantly increase energy efficiency, decrease management costs and guarantee the effective use of the energy recourses. Therefore, its application in the IoV concept provides secure, autonomous and automated energy trading between EVs. While several studies on blockchain technology in smart grids have been conducted, insufficient attention has been given to conducting a detailed review and state-of-the-art analysis of blockchain application in the IoV domain. To this end, this work provides a systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications in the IoV domain. The aim is to investigate the current challenges of IoV and to highlight how blockchain characteristics can contribute to this emerging paradigm. In addition, limitations and future research directions related to the integration of blockchain technology within the IoV are discussed. To this end, this study incorporates the theoretical foundations of several research articles published in scientific publications over the previous five years, as a method of simplifying our assessment and capturing the ever-expanding blockchain area. We present a comprehensive taxonomy of blockchain-enabled applications in the IoV domain, such as privacy and security, data protection and management, vehicle management, charging optimization and P2P energy trading, based on a structured, systematic review and content analysis of the discovered literature, and we identify key trends and emerging areas for research. The contribution of this article is two-fold: (a) we highlight the limitations presented in the relevant literature, particularly the barriers of blockchain technology and how they influence its integration into the IoV and (b) we present a number of research gaps and suggest future exploratory areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Evgenia Kapassa & Marinos Themistocleous & Klitos Christodoulou & Elias Iosif, 2021. "Blockchain Application in Internet of Vehicles: Challenges, Contributions and Current Limitations," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-32, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:13:y:2021:i:12:p:313-:d:699567
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eiman ElGhanam & Ibtihal Ahmed & Mohamed Hassan & Ahmed Osman, 2021. "Authentication and Billing for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging in an Internet of Electric Vehicles," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Andoni, Merlinda & Robu, Valentin & Flynn, David & Abram, Simone & Geach, Dale & Jenkins, David & McCallum, Peter & Peacock, Andrew, 2019. "Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 143-174.
    3. Albert Hiesl & Jasmine Ramsebner & Reinhard Haas, 2021. "Modelling Stochastic Electricity Demand of Electric Vehicles Based on Traffic Surveys—The Case of Austria," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-19, March.
    4. Longze Wang & Shucen Jiao & Yu Xie & Saif Mubaarak & Delong Zhang & Jinxin Liu & Siyu Jiang & Yan Zhang & Meicheng Li, 2021. "A Permissioned Blockchain-Based Energy Management System for Renewable Energy Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-19, January.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Yingxun Wang & Hushairi Zen & Mohamad Faizrizwan Mohd Sabri & Xiang Wang & Lee Chin Kho, 2022. "Towards Strengthening the Resilience of IoV Networks—A Trust Management Perspective," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, June.
    2. Nicoletta González-Cancelas & Javier Vaca-Cabrero & Alberto Camarero-Orive, 2025. "IoV and Blockchain for Traffic Optimization in Ro-Ro Terminals: A Case Study in the Spanish Port System," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Muhammad Saad & Muhammad Khalid Khan & Maaz Bin Ahmad, 2022. "Blockchain-Enabled Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Systematic Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-31, March.
    4. Horst Treiblmaier, 2022. "What Is Coming across the Horizon and How Can We Handle It? Bitcoin Scenarios as a Starting Point for Rigorous and Relevant Research," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-15, May.
    5. Evgenia Kapassa & Marinos Themistocleous, 2022. "Blockchain Technology Applied in IoV Demand Response Management: A Systematic Literature Review," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, April.
    6. Marta Biegańska, 2022. "IoT-Based Decentralized Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.
    7. Zeinab Teimoori & Abdulsalam Yassine, 2022. "A Review on Intelligent Energy Management Systems for Future Electric Vehicle Transportation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-23, October.

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