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Injected Fuel Mass and Flow Rate Control in Internal Combustion Engines: A Systematic Literature Review

Author

Listed:
  • Alessandro Ferrari

    (Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 29, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Simona Gurrì

    (Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 29, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Oscar Vento

    (Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 29, 10129 Torino, Italy)

Abstract

Advancements in fuel injection systems have dramatically improved the precision of controlling injected fuel mass or flow rate; a key factor in optimizing internal combustion engine (ICE) performance, emissions control, and fuel efficiency. This review systematically analyzes 145 scientific research papers from the last two decades, including older foundational works, tracing the evolution of injected mass control from early Bosch and Zeuch meters to advanced machine learning or physical models. This study draws upon research collected from the most reputable databases. Through both qualitative and quantitative analyses, the state-of-the-art of these systems is presented, and key innovations are highlighted regarding advanced control algorithms and real-time feedback mechanisms under various operational conditions such as high or transient loads and multi-stage injection strategies. Special attention is given to challenges in maintaining precise control with alternative fuels like biodiesel, hydrogen, or synthetic fuels, which exhibit different physical properties compared to traditional fuels. The findings emphasize the need for further research on injection control, especially in light of stringent emissions regulations. Improving these systems for next-generation ICEs is a key point for achieving cleaner, more efficient combustion and bridging the sustainability gap between traditional and future mobility solutions.

Suggested Citation

  • Alessandro Ferrari & Simona Gurrì & Oscar Vento, 2024. "Injected Fuel Mass and Flow Rate Control in Internal Combustion Engines: A Systematic Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-37, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:24:p:6455-:d:1549504
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Macian, Vicente & Payri, Raul & Ruiz, Santiago & Bardi, Michele & Plazas, Alejandro H., 2014. "Experimental study of the relationship between injection rate shape and Diesel ignition using a novel piezo-actuated direct-acting injector," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 100-113.
    2. Xu, Leilei & Bai, Xue-Song & Jia, Ming & Qian, Yong & Qiao, Xinqi & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Experimental and modeling study of liquid fuel injection and combustion in diesel engines with a common rail injection system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 287-304.
    3. Li, Yangyang & Duan, Xiongbo & Fu, Jianqin & Liu, Jingping & Wang, Shuqian & Dong, Hao & Xie, Yunkun, 2019. "Development of a method for on-board measurement of instant engine torque and fuel consumption rate based on direct signal measurement and RGF modelling under vehicle transient operating conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    4. Ferrari, Alessandro & Paolicelli, Federica & Pizzo, Pietro, 2015. "The new-generation of solenoid injectors equipped with pressure-balanced pilot valves for energy saving and dynamic response improvement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 367-376.
    5. Ferrari, A. & Mittica, A. & Spessa, E., 2013. "Benefits of hydraulic layout over driving system in piezo-injectors and proposal of a new-concept CR injector with an integrated Minirail," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 243-255.
    6. d’Ambrosio, Stefano & Finesso, Roberto & Fu, Lezhong & Mittica, Antonio & Spessa, Ezio, 2014. "A control-oriented real-time semi-empirical model for the prediction of NOx emissions in diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 265-279.
    7. Genii Kuznetsov & Vadim Dorokhov & Ksenia Vershinina & Susanna Kerimbekova & Daniil Romanov & Ksenia Kartashova, 2023. "Composite Liquid Biofuels for Power Plants and Engines: Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-20, August.
    8. Payri, R. & Salvador, F.J. & Gimeno, J. & De la Morena, J., 2011. "Influence of injector technology on injection and combustion development - Part 1: Hydraulic characterization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(4), pages 1068-1074, April.
    9. Hari Ganesh, R. & Subramanian, V. & Balasubramanian, V. & Mallikarjuna, J.M. & Ramesh, A. & Sharma, R.P., 2008. "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine with electronically controlled manifold injection: An experimental study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(6), pages 1324-1333.
    10. Payri, R. & Salvador, F.J. & Gimeno, J. & De la Morena, J., 2011. "Influence of injector technology on injection and combustion development - Part 2: Combustion analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(4), pages 1130-1139, April.
    11. Zhang, Qinghui & Hao, Zhiyong & Zheng, Xu & Yang, Wenying, 2017. "Characteristics and effect factors of pressure oscillation in multi-injection DI diesel engine at high-load conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 52-66.
    12. Chaoqun Hu & Zhijun Wu & Alessandro Ferrari & Meng Ji & Jun Deng & Oscar Vento, 2024. "Numerical Study on Internal Flow and Cavitation Characteristics of GDI Injectors for Different Nozzle Orifice Geometries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-21, August.
    13. Ferrari, A. & Mittica, A., 2016. "Response of different injector typologies to dwell time variations and a hydraulic analysis of closely-coupled and continuous rate shaping injection schedules," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 899-911.
    14. Lu, Xiangdong & Zhao, Jianhui & Markov, Vladimir & Wu, Tianyu, 2024. "Study on precise fuel injection under multiple injections of high pressure common rail system based on deep learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    15. Soriano, J.A. & Mata, C. & Armas, O. & Ávila, C., 2018. "A zero-dimensional model to simulate injection rate from first generation common rail diesel injectors under thermodynamic diagnosis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 845-858.
    16. Battistoni, Michele & Grimaldi, Carlo Nazareno, 2012. "Numerical analysis of injector flow and spray characteristics from diesel injectors using fossil and biodiesel fuels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 656-666.
    17. Ferrari, A. & Novara, C. & Paolucci, E. & Vento, O. & Violante, M. & Zhang, T., 2018. "Design and rapid prototyping of a closed-loop control strategy of the injected mass for the reduction of CO2, combustion noise and pollutant emissions in diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 358-367.
    18. Pos, Radboud & Wardle, Robert & Cracknell, Roger & Ganippa, Lionel, 2017. "Spatio-temporal evolution of diesel sprays at the early start of injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 391-398.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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