IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i22p5614-d1517620.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Electric Vehicles for a Flexible Energy System: Challenges and Opportunities

Author

Listed:
  • Salvatore Micari

    (National Research Council of Italy Institute of Advanced Technologies for Energy, 98126 Messina, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Napoli

    (National Research Council of Italy Institute of Advanced Technologies for Energy, 98126 Messina, Italy)

Abstract

As the adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) accelerates, driven by increasing urbanization and the push for sustainable infrastructure, the need for innovative solutions to support this growth has become more pressing. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology presents a promising solution by enabling EVs to engage in bidirectional interactions with the electrical grid. Through V2G, EVs can supply energy back to the grid during peak demand periods and draw power during off-peak times, offering a valuable tool for enhancing grid stability, improving energy management, and supporting environmental sustainability. Despite its potential, the large-scale implementation of V2G faces significant challenges, particularly from a technological and regulatory standpoint. The success of V2G requires coordinated efforts among various stakeholders, including vehicle manufacturers, infrastructure providers, grid operators, and policymakers. In addition to the technical barriers, such as battery degradation due to frequent charging cycles and the need for advanced bidirectional charging systems, regulatory frameworks must evolve to accommodate this new energy paradigm. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of V2G technology, focusing on different perspectives—such as those of users, vehicles, infrastructures, and the electricity grid. This study will also explore ex ante, ex post, and ongoing assessment studies, alongside the experiences of pioneer cities in implementing V2G.

Suggested Citation

  • Salvatore Micari & Giuseppe Napoli, 2024. "Electric Vehicles for a Flexible Energy System: Challenges and Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-26, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:22:p:5614-:d:1517620
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5614/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5614/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Leippi, Andre & Fleschutz, Markus & Davis, Kevin & Klingler, Anna-Lena & Murphy, Michael D., 2024. "Optimizing electric vehicle fleet integration in industrial demand response: Maximizing vehicle-to-grid benefits while compensating vehicle owners for battery degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 374(C).
    2. Huang, Bing & Meijssen, Aart Gerard & Annema, Jan Anne & Lukszo, Zofia, 2021. "Are electric vehicle drivers willing to participate in vehicle-to-grid contracts? A context-dependent stated choice experiment," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    3. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    4. Signer, Tim & Baumgartner, Nora & Ruppert, Manuel & Sandmeier, Thorben & Fichtner, Wolf, 2024. "Modeling V2G spot market trading: The impact of charging tariffs on economic viability," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    5. Fernando Aguilar Lopez & Dirk Lauinger & François Vuille & Daniel B. Müller, 2024. "On the potential of vehicle-to-grid and second-life batteries to provide energy and material security," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    6. Sai Sudharshan Ravi & Muhammad Aziz, 2022. "Utilization of Electric Vehicles for Vehicle-to-Grid Services: Progress and Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-27, January.
    7. Salimeh Gohari & Vaclav Knap & Mohammad Reza Yaftian, 2021. "Investigation on Cycling and Calendar Aging Processes of 3.4 Ah Lithium-Sulfur Pouch Cells," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-14, August.
    8. Kai Song & Yu Lan & Xian Zhang & Jinhai Jiang & Chuanyu Sun & Guang Yang & Fengshuo Yang & Hao Lan, 2023. "A Review on Interoperability of Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-22, February.
    9. Shahid Jaman & Boud Verbrugge & Oscar Hernandez Garcia & Mohamed Abdel-Monem & Blum Oliver & Thomas Geury & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Development and Validation of V2G Technology for Electric Vehicle Chargers Using Combo CCS Type 2 Connector Standards," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-24, October.
    10. Roberta Cappabianca & Paolo De Angelis & Matteo Fasano & Eliodoro Chiavazzo & Pietro Asinari, 2023. "An Overview on Transport Phenomena within Solid Electrolyte Interphase and Their Impact on the Performance and Durability of Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-30, June.
    11. Ali Wadi & Mamoun Abdel-Hafez & Ala A. Hussein, 2022. "Computationally Efficient State-of-Charge Estimation in Li-Ion Batteries Using Enhanced Dual-Kalman Filter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-15, May.
    12. Vollmuth, Patrick & Wohlschlager, Daniela & Wasmeier, Louisa & Kern, Timo, 2024. "Prospects of electric vehicle V2G multi-use: Profitability and GHG emissions for use case combinations of smart and bidirectional charging today and 2030," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    13. Sarabi, Siyamak & Davigny, Arnaud & Courtecuisse, Vincent & Riffonneau, Yann & Robyns, Benoît, 2016. "Potential of vehicle-to-grid ancillary services considering the uncertainties in plug-in electric vehicle availability and service/localization limitations in distribution grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 523-540.
    14. Feyijimi Adegbohun & Annette von Jouanne & Emmanuel Agamloh & Alex Yokochi, 2024. "A Review of Bidirectional Charging Grid Support Applications and Battery Degradation Considerations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-17, March.
    15. Uddin, Kotub & Dubarry, Matthieu & Glick, Mark B., 2018. "The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 342-347.
    16. Zhao, Yang & Wang, Zhenpo & Shen, Zuo-Jun Max & Sun, Fengchun, 2021. "Data-driven framework for large-scale prediction of charging energy in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PB).
    17. Tohid Harighi & Ramazan Bayindir & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Lucian Mihet-Popa & Eklas Hossain, 2018. "An Overview of Energy Scenarios, Storage Systems and the Infrastructure for Vehicle-to-Grid Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Baxter Williams & Daniel Bishop & Patricio Gallardo & J. Geoffrey Chase, 2023. "Demand Side Management in Industrial, Commercial, and Residential Sectors: A Review of Constraints and Considerations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-28, July.
    2. Yu, Qing & Wang, Zhen & Song, Yancun & Shen, Xinwei & Zhang, Haoran, 2024. "Potential and flexibility analysis of electric taxi fleets V2G system based on trajectory data and agent-based modeling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    3. Bogdanov, Dmitrii & Breyer, Christian, 2024. "Role of smart charging of electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid in integrated renewables-based energy systems on country level," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    4. Youssef Amry & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Franck Le Gall & Mounir Ghogho & Soumia El Hani, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-30, August.
    5. Andre Leippi & Markus Fleschutz & Michael D. Murphy, 2022. "A Review of EV Battery Utilization in Demand Response Considering Battery Degradation in Non-Residential Vehicle-to-Grid Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, April.
    6. Philip, Thara & Whitehead, Jake & Prato, Carlo G., 2023. "Adoption of electric vehicles in a laggard, car-dependent nation: Investigating the potential influence of V2G and broader energy benefits on adoption," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    7. Englberger, Stefan & Abo Gamra, Kareem & Tepe, Benedikt & Schreiber, Michael & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "Electric vehicle multi-use: Optimizing multiple value streams using mobile storage systems in a vehicle-to-grid context," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    8. Daniel Icaza & David Borge-Diez & Santiago Pulla Galindo & Carlos Flores-Vázquez, 2023. "Analysis of Smart Energy Systems and High Participation of V2G Impact for the Ecuadorian 100% Renewable Energy System by 2050," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-24, May.
    9. Keiner, Dominik & Thoma, Christian & Bogdanov, Dmitrii & Breyer, Christian, 2023. "Seasonal hydrogen storage for residential on- and off-grid solar photovoltaics prosumer applications: Revolutionary solution or niche market for the energy transition until 2050?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    10. Ryosuke Kataoka & Kazuhiko Ogimoto & Yumiko Iwafune, 2021. "Marginal Value of Vehicle-to-Grid Ancillary Service in a Power System with Variable Renewable Energy Penetration and Grid Side Flexibility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-21, November.
    11. Daniele Menniti & Anna Pinnarelli & Nicola Sorrentino & Pasquale Vizza & Giovanni Brusco & Giuseppe Barone & Gianluca Marano, 2022. "Techno Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicle Grid Integration Aimed to Provide Network Flexibility Services in Italian Regulatory Framework," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-34, March.
    12. Mangipinto, Andrea & Lombardi, Francesco & Sanvito, Francesco Davide & Pavičević, Matija & Quoilin, Sylvain & Colombo, Emanuela, 2022. "Impact of mass-scale deployment of electric vehicles and benefits of smart charging across all European countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    13. Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi & Scott Dwyer & Kriti Nagrath & John Alabi, 2022. "Electromobility in Australia: Tariff Design Structure and Consumer Preferences for Mobile Distributed Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    14. Md. Rayid Hasan Mojumder & Fahmida Ahmed Antara & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Basem Alamri & Mohammad Alsharef, 2022. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-53, October.
    15. Gschwendtner, Christine & Sinsel, Simon R. & Stephan, Annegret, 2021. "Vehicle-to-X (V2X) implementation: An overview of predominate trial configurations and technical, social and regulatory challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    16. Wu, Jiabin & Li, Qihang & Bie, Yiming & Zhou, Wei, 2024. "Location-routing optimization problem for electric vehicle charging stations in an uncertain transportation network: An adaptive co-evolutionary clustering algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    17. Jinrui Nan & Bo Deng & Wanke Cao & Jianjun Hu & Yuhua Chang & Yili Cai & Zhiwei Zhong, 2022. "Big Data-Based Early Fault Warning of Batteries Combining Short-Text Mining and Grey Correlation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-19, July.
    18. Liping Mo & Xiaosheng Wang & Yibo Wang & Ben Zhang & Chaoqiang Jiang, 2024. "Mutual Inductance Estimation of SS-IPT System through Time-Domain Modeling and Nonlinear Least Squares," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-14, July.
    19. Muhammad Waseem & Muhammad Adnan Khan & Arman Goudarzi & Shah Fahad & Intisar Ali Sajjad & Pierluigi Siano, 2023. "Incorporation of Blockchain Technology for Different Smart Grid Applications: Architecture, Prospects, and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-29, January.
    20. Nagel, Niels Oliver & Jåstad, Eirik Ogner & Martinsen, Thomas, 2024. "The grid benefits of vehicle-to-grid in Norway and Denmark: An analysis of home- and public parking potentials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:22:p:5614-:d:1517620. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.