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System-Level Dynamic Model of Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) for Energy Losses Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Ikechukwu S. Anyanwu

    (Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni, Università di Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy)

  • Fulvio Buzzi

    (Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni, Università di Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
    Dipartimento di Economia, Ingegneria, Società e Impresa, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy)

  • Pekka Peljo

    (Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
    Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland)

  • Aldo Bischi

    (Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni, Università di Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy)

  • Antonio Bertei

    (Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy)

Abstract

This paper presents a zero-dimensional dynamic model of redox flow batteries (RFBs) for the system-level analysis of energy loss. The model is used to simulate multi-cell systems considering the effect of design and operational parameters on energy loss and overall performance. The effect and contribution of stack losses (e.g., overpotential and crossover losses) and system losses (e.g., shunt currents and pumps) to total energy loss are examined. The model is tested by using literature data from a vanadium RFB energy storage. The results show that four parameters mainly affect RFB system performance: manifold diameter, stack current, cell standard potential, and internal resistance. A reduction in manifold diameter from 60 mm to 20 mm reduced shunt current loss by a factor of four without significantly increasing pumping loss, thus boosting round-trip efficiency (RTE) by 10%. The increase in stack current at a low flow rate increases power, while the cell standard potential and internal resistance play a crucial role in influencing both power and energy output. In summary, the modeling activities enabled the understanding of critical aspects of RFB systems, thereby serving as tools for system design and operation awareness.

Suggested Citation

  • Ikechukwu S. Anyanwu & Fulvio Buzzi & Pekka Peljo & Aldo Bischi & Antonio Bertei, 2024. "System-Level Dynamic Model of Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) for Energy Losses Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-21, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:21:p:5324-:d:1506888
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pugach, M. & Kondratenko, M. & Briola, S. & Bischi, A., 2018. "Zero dimensional dynamic model of vanadium redox flow battery cell incorporating all modes of vanadium ions crossover," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 560-569.
    2. Pugach, M. & Vyshinsky, V. & Bischi, A., 2019. "Energy efficiency analysis for a kilo-watt class vanadium redox flow battery system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Yuan, Chenguang & Xing, Feng & Zheng, Qiong & Zhang, Huamin & Li, Xianfeng & Ma, Xiangkun, 2020. "Factor analysis of the uniformity of the transfer current density in vanadium flow battery by an improved three-dimensional transient model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    4. Xu, Q. & Zhao, T.S. & Zhang, C., 2014. "Effects of SOC-dependent electrolyte viscosity on performance of vanadium redox flow batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 139-147.
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