Improving Module Temperature Prediction Models for Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Analytical Insights from Operational Data

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are gaining popularity as a valuable means of harnessing solar energy on unused water surfaces. However, a significant gap persists in our comprehension of their thermal dynamics and the purported cooling benefits they provide. The lack of comprehensive monitoring data across different climatic regions and topographies aggravates this uncertainty. This paper reviews the applicability of established module temperature prediction models, originally developed for land-based PV systems, to FPVs. It then details the refinement of these models using FPV-specific data and their subsequent validation through large-scale, ongoing FPV projects. The result is a significant improvement in the accuracy of temperature predictions, as evidenced by the reduced Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and improved R-squared ( R 2 ) after parameter optimisation. This reduction means that the tailored models better reflect the distinct environmental influences and cooling processes characteristic of FPV systems. The results not only confirm the success of the proposed method in refining the accuracy of current models, but also indicate significant post-tuning changes in the parameters representing wind and convective effects. These adjustments highlight the increased responsiveness of FPVs to convective actions, especially when compared to ground-based systems, possibly due to the evaporative cooling effect of bodies of water. Through this research, we address a critical gap in our understanding of heat transfer in FPV systems and aim to enrich the knowledge surrounding the acknowledged cooling effect of FPVs.