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Second-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles: Concept, Aging, Testing, and Applications

Author

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  • Kateřina Nováková

    (Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic)

  • Anna Pražanová

    (Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic)

  • Daniel-Ioan Stroe

    (Department of Energy, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark)

  • Vaclav Knap

    (Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic)

Abstract

The last decade has seen a significant increase in electromobility. With this trend, it will be necessary to start dealing with the subsequent recycling and disposal of electric vehicles, including the batteries. Currently, the battery is one of the most expensive components of an electric vehicle, which in part hinders their sufficient competitiveness with the internal combustion engine. Furthermore, the lifetime of a battery for use in an electric vehicle is assumed to be 8–10 years/160,000 km, after which the battery capacity drops to 80% of the initial capacity. However, it transpires that a battery at the end of its life in an electric vehicle does not need to be disposed of immediately, but can be used in other applications wherein the emphasis is not so strictly on an excellent power and capacity capability related to its volume or weight. Thus, reusing batteries can help reduce their cost for use in electric vehicles, increase their utility value, and reduce the environmental impact of batteries. This paper discusses methods for researching battery aging in electric vehicles, testing methods for batteries during the transition from first life to second life, and prospective battery second-life use and its specifics. The main contribution of this perspective article is to provide a comprehensive view of the current state of second-life batteries and an overview of the challenges that need to be overcome in order to use them on a large industrial scale.

Suggested Citation

  • Kateřina Nováková & Anna Pražanová & Daniel-Ioan Stroe & Vaclav Knap, 2023. "Second-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles: Concept, Aging, Testing, and Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-19, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:5:p:2345-:d:1083848
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Assunção, André & Moura, Pedro S. & de Almeida, Aníbal T., 2016. "Technical and economic assessment of the secondary use of repurposed electric vehicle batteries in the residential sector to support solar energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 120-131.
    2. Salvatore Micari & Salvatore Foti & Antonio Testa & Salvatore De Caro & Francesco Sergi & Laura Andaloro & Davide Aloisio & Salvatore Gianluca Leonardi & Giuseppe Napoli, 2022. "Effect of WLTP CLASS 3B Driving Cycle on Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-25, September.
    3. Jussi Sihvo & Tomi Roinila & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2020. "Broadband Impedance Measurement of Lithium-Ion Battery in the Presence of Nonlinear Distortions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-15, May.
    4. Jia Guo & Yaqi Li & Kjeld Pedersen & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2021. "Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-22, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nhat Quang Doan & Syed Maaz Shahid & Tho Minh Duong & Sung-Jin Choi & Sungoh Kwon, 2024. "Extending the BESS Lifetime: A Cooperative Multi-Agent Deep Q Network Framework for a Parallel-Series Connected Battery Pack," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-24, September.
    2. Md. Tanjil Sarker & Mohammed Hussein Saleh Mohammed Haram & Siow Jat Shern & Gobbi Ramasamy & Fahmid Al Farid, 2024. "Second-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries for Home Photovoltaic Systems: Transforming Energy Storage and Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-23, May.

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