IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i17p6320-d1229801.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy, Exergy, and Emissions Analyses of Internal Combustion Engines and Battery Electric Vehicles for the Brazilian Energy Mix

Author

Listed:
  • Henrique Naim Finianos Feliciano

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centro Universitário FEI, Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco Avenue, 3972-B Assunção, São Bernardo do Campo 09850-901, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Fernando Fusco Rovai

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Mendeleyev St., 200 Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady

    (Institute of Energy and Environment of the University of São Paulo, Prof. Luciano Gualberto Avenue 1289, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Exergy is a thermodynamic concept that ponders the quality of energy. It evaluates the irreversibilities of a machine, demonstrating its capacity to perform work associated with energy conversion. This article focuses on directing public policies and vehicle development toward their most proper usage worldwide. In the urban mobility scenario, there is an obvious demand to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the internal combustion engine (ICE) experiences considerable energy losses through heat exchange through the radiator and exhaust flow gases, which are not considerable in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) since there are no exhaust gases subsequent to combustion, nor combustion itself. This work presents longitudinal dynamics simulations of passenger vehicles to understand the magnitude of exergy destruction in ICEVs and BEVs, considering the Brazilian and European Union electric energy mix. Overall, the method can be applied to any other country. The simulation and model parameters were configured to match production road vehicles commercialized in the Brazilian market based on different versions of the same model. Two vehicle dynamic duty cycles were used, one relating to urban usage and another to highway usage, resulting in an overall exergy efficiency of around 50–51% for BEVs considering the exergy destruction in power plants. In contrast, ICE has an average efficiency of 20% in the urban cycle and around 30% in the highway cycle. By comparing the overall equivalent CO 2 emissions, it is possible to conclude that EVs in the European energy matrix produce more GHG than ICE vehicles running on ethanol in Brazil. Nevertheless, there are increasing uses of coal, natural gas, and oil thermal electric power plants, raising the question of how the transition may occur with a general increase in electrification since there is an increasing electric expenditure in all sectors of society, and the renewable energy plants may not meet all of the demand.

Suggested Citation

  • Henrique Naim Finianos Feliciano & Fernando Fusco Rovai & Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady, 2023. "Energy, Exergy, and Emissions Analyses of Internal Combustion Engines and Battery Electric Vehicles for the Brazilian Energy Mix," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:17:p:6320-:d:1229801
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/17/6320/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/17/6320/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bhattacharya, Abhishek & Manna, Dulal & Paul, Bireswar & Datta, Amitava, 2011. "Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle power generation with supplementary biomass firing: Energy and exergy based performance analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 2599-2610.
    2. Hira, Anil & de Oliveira, Luiz Guilherme, 2009. "No substitute for oil? How Brazil developed its ethanol industry," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 2450-2456, June.
    3. Doucette, Reed T. & McCulloch, Malcolm D., 2011. "Modeling the CO2 emissions from battery electric vehicles given the power generation mixes of different countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 803-811, February.
    4. Fusco Rovai, Fernando & Regina da Cal Seixas, Sônia & Keutenedjian Mady, Carlos Eduardo, 2023. "Regional energy policies for electrifying car fleets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    5. Murillo Vetroni Barros & Cassiano Moro Piekarski & Antonio Carlos De Francisco, 2018. "Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation in Brazil: An Analysis of the 2016–2026 Period," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-14, June.
    6. Ezzat, M.F. & Dincer, I., 2019. "Development and exergetic assessment of a new hybrid vehicle incorporating gas turbine as powering option," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 112-119.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rafael Fernandes Mosquim & Flávia Mendes de Almeida Collaço & Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady, 2024. "Toward a Direct CO 2 Tax for the Brazilian LDV Fleet," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-24, May.
    2. Fernando Fusco Rovai & Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady, 2024. "Thermodynamic Model for Cold-Phase Influence on Light Vehicles’ Fuel Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-14, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Harasis, Salman & Khan, Irfan & Massoud, Ahmed, 2024. "Enabling large-scale integration of electric bus fleets in harsh environments: Possibilities, potentials, and challenges," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    2. Souhir Ben Amor & Smaranda Sgarciu & Taimyra BatzLineiro & Felix Muesgens, 2024. "Advanced Models for Hourly Marginal CO2 Emission Factor Estimation: A Synergy between Fundamental and Statistical Approaches," Papers 2412.17379, arXiv.org.
    3. Varga, Bogdan Ovidiu, 2013. "Electric vehicles, primary energy sources and CO2 emissions: Romanian case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 61-70.
    4. Athari, Hassan & Soltani, Saeed & Seyed Mahmoudi, Seyed Mohammad & Rosen, Marc A. & Morosuk, Tatiana, 2014. "Exergoeconomic analysis of a biomass post-firing combined-cycle power plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 553-561.
    5. Will, Christian & Zimmermann, Florian & Ensslen, Axel & Fraunholz, Christoph & Jochem, Patrick & Keles, Dogan, 2024. "Can electric vehicle charging be carbon neutral? Uniting smart charging and renewables," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    6. Duc Nguyen Huu & Van Nguyen Ngoc, 2021. "Analysis Study of Current Transportation Status in Vietnam’s Urban Traffic and the Transition to Electric Two-Wheelers Mobility," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-27, May.
    7. Ellen De Schepper & Steven Van Passel & Sebastien Lizin & Thomas Vincent & Benjamin Martin & Xavier Gandibleux, 2016. "Economic and environmental multi-objective optimisation to evaluate the impact of Belgian policy on solar power and electric vehicles," Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 1-27, March.
    8. Charlotte Stead & Zia Wadud & Chris Nash & Hu Li, 2019. "Introduction of Biodiesel to Rail Transport: Lessons from the Road Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-20, February.
    9. Kalghatgi, Gautam, 2018. "Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 965-974.
    10. Pouliot, Sébastien, 2013. "Arbitrage between ethanol and gasoline: evidence from motor fuel consumption in Brazil," 2013 Annual Meeting, August 4-6, 2013, Washington, D.C. 150964, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    11. Saeed Soltani & Hassan Athari & Marc A. Rosen & Seyed Mohammad Seyed Mahmoudi & Tatiana Morosuk, 2015. "Thermodynamic Analyses of Biomass Gasification Integrated Externally Fired, Post-Firing and Dual-Fuel Combined Cycles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-15, January.
    12. Peters, Pedro & da Costa, Vinicius Braga Ferreira & Dias, Bruno Henriques & Bonatto, Benedito Donizeti, 2025. "A holistic analysis of environmental impacts and improvement pathways for the Brazilian electric sector based on long-term planning and life cycle assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    13. Takahiro Nakashima & Keiichiro Ueno & Eisuke Fujita & Shoko Ishikawa, 2020. "Evaluation of Polyethylene Mulching and Sugarcane Cultivar on Energy Inputs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Ethanol Production in a Temperate Climate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-17, August.
    14. Marcos Adami & Bernardo Friedrich Theodor Rudorff & Ramon Morais Freitas & Daniel Alves Aguiar & Luciana Miura Sugawara & Marcio Pupin Mello, 2012. "Remote Sensing Time Series to Evaluate Direct Land Use Change of Recent Expanded Sugarcane Crop in Brazil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-12, April.
    15. Manjunath, Archana & Gross, George, 2017. "Towards a meaningful metric for the quantification of GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 423-429.
    16. Xia, Ao & Cheng, Jun & Song, Wenlu & Yu, Cong & Zhou, Junhu & Cen, Kefa, 2013. "Enhancing enzymatic saccharification of water hyacinth through microwave heating with dilute acid pretreatment for biomass energy utilization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 158-166.
    17. Requia, Weeberb J. & Adams, Matthew D. & Arain, Altaf & Koutrakis, Petros & Ferguson, Mark, 2017. "Carbon dioxide emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: A life-cycle analysis in eight Canadian cities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1390-1396.
    18. Evangelinos, Christos & Tscharaktschiew, Stefan & Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio, 2018. "Pricing workplace parking via cash-out: Effects on modal choice and implications for transport policy," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 369-380.
    19. Robin Smit & Daniel William Kennedy, 2022. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance of Electric and Fossil-Fueled Passenger Vehicles with Uncertainty Estimates Using a Probabilistic Life-Cycle Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-29, March.
    20. Choi, Hyunhong & Shin, Jungwoo & Woo, JongRoul, 2018. "Effect of electricity generation mix on battery electric vehicle adoption and its environmental impact," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 13-24.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:17:p:6320-:d:1229801. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.