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Blending of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude with Residual Marine Fuel: An Experimental Assessment

Author

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  • Andrea Maria Rizzo

    (Renewable Energy Consortium for Research and Demonstration (RE-CORD), Scarperia e San Piero, 50038 Florence, Italy
    Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • David Chiaramonti

    (Renewable Energy Consortium for Research and Demonstration (RE-CORD), Scarperia e San Piero, 50038 Florence, Italy
    Department of Energy “Galileo Ferraris”, Polytechnic of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy)

Abstract

As with all transport modes, the maritime sector is undergoing a drastic transition towards net zero, similar to the path in which Aviation is already engaged through global decarbonization programs such as CORSIA for the International Civil Aviation Organization, or the Emission trading Scheme of the European Union). Maritime indeed shares with Aviation a common element: the difficulty of shifting to electric in the short to medium term. Therefore, the use of sustainable fuels represents the main and only relevant option in this timeframe. As sustainable biofuels will be used as blend components in the case of large-scale deployment, it is necessary to investigate the behavior of bio- and fossil-based fuels when mixed in various percentages, in particular for low quality products such as HTL (HydroThermal Liquefaction) and fast pyrolysis oils from lignocellulosic biomass and waste. Biocrude from subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction of undigested sewage sludge, produced at reaction conditions of 350 °C and 200 bar in a continuous HTL pilot scale unit, was manually mixed at 70 °C with residual marine fuel (low-sulphur type F-RMG-380 per ISO 8217) at two different nominal biocrude shares, respectively 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% in the mixture. While the former blend resulted in the technically complete dissolution of biocrude in the fossil component, the latter sample formed biocrude agglomerates and only partial dissolution of the biocrude aliquot in marine fuel could be achieved (calculated between 14–16 wt.%). The blend with 10 wt.% of SS biocrude in the mixture resulted in compliance with limits of total acid number (TAN), inorganics (in particular vanadium, sodium, silicon and aluminum) and sulphur content, while only the ash content was slightly above the limit.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrea Maria Rizzo & David Chiaramonti, 2022. "Blending of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude with Residual Marine Fuel: An Experimental Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:450-:d:721026
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniele Castello & Thomas Helmer Pedersen & Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, 2018. "Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-35, November.
    2. Jerome A. Ramirez & Richard J. Brown & Thomas J. Rainey, 2015. "A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-30, July.
    3. Dimitriadis, Athanasios & Bezergianni, Stella, 2017. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of various biomass and waste feedstocks for biocrude production: A state of the art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 113-125.
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    Cited by:

    1. Vinicius Andrade dos Santos & Patrícia Pereira da Silva & Luís Manuel Ventura Serrano, 2022. "The Maritime Sector and Its Problematic Decarbonization: A Systematic Review of the Contribution of Alternative Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-30, May.
    2. Churchill, J.G.B. & Borugadda, V.B. & Dalai, A.K., 2024. "A review on the production and application of tall oil with a focus on sustainable fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).

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    Keywords

    biocrude; marine fuel; blend;
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