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A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

Author

Listed:
  • Jerome A. Ramirez

    (School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia)

  • Richard J. Brown

    (School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
    Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Thomas J. Rainey

    (School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
    Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) presents a viable route for converting a vast range of materials into liquid fuel, without the need for pre-drying. Currently, HTL studies produce bio-crude with properties that fall short of diesel or biodiesel standards. Upgrading bio-crude improves the physical and chemical properties to produce a fuel corresponding to diesel or biodiesel. Properties such as viscosity, density, heating value, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content, and chemical composition can be modified towards meeting fuel standards using strategies such as solvent extraction, distillation, hydrodeoxygenation and catalytic cracking. This article presents a review of the upgrading technologies available, and how they might be used to make HTL bio-crude into a transportation fuel that meets current fuel property standards.

Suggested Citation

  • Jerome A. Ramirez & Richard J. Brown & Thomas J. Rainey, 2015. "A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-30, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:8:y:2015:i:7:p:6765-6794:d:51968
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    References listed on IDEAS

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