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Grid Forming Inverters: A Review of the State of the Art of Key Elements for Microgrid Operation

Author

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  • Sara Anttila

    (Division of Electricity, Uppsala University, B.O. Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden)

  • Jéssica S. Döhler

    (Division of Electricity, Uppsala University, B.O. Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden)

  • Janaína G. Oliveira

    (Division of Electricity, Uppsala University, B.O. Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
    Department of Electrical Energy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil)

  • Cecilia Boström

    (Division of Electricity, Uppsala University, B.O. Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden)

Abstract

In the past decade, inverter-integrated energy sources have experienced rapid growth, which leads to operating challenges associated with reduced system inertia and intermittent power generation, which can cause instability and performance issues of the power system. Improved control schemes for inverters are necessary to ensure the stability and resilience of the power system. Grid-forming inverters dampen frequency fluctuations in the power system, while grid-following inverters can aggravate frequency problems with increased penetration. This paper aims at reviewing the role of grid-forming inverters in the power system, including their topology, control strategies, challenges, sizing, and location. In order to facilitate continued research in this field, a comprehensive literature review and classification of the studies are conducted, followed by research gaps and suggestions for future studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Sara Anttila & Jéssica S. Döhler & Janaína G. Oliveira & Cecilia Boström, 2022. "Grid Forming Inverters: A Review of the State of the Art of Key Elements for Microgrid Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-30, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:15:p:5517-:d:875661
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Md Alamgir Hossain & Hemanshu Roy Pota & Walid Issa & Md Jahangir Hossain, 2017. "Overview of AC Microgrid Controls with Inverter-Interfaced Generations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-27, August.
    2. Elutunji Buraimoh & Innocent E. Davidson & Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo, 2019. "Fault Ride-Through Enhancement of Grid Supporting Inverter-Based Microgrid Using Delayed Signal Cancellation Algorithm Secondary Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-26, October.
    3. Tielens, Pieter & Van Hertem, Dirk, 2016. "The relevance of inertia in power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 999-1009.
    4. Planas, Estefanía & Gil-de-Muro, Asier & Andreu, Jon & Kortabarria, Iñigo & Martínez de Alegría, Iñigo, 2013. "General aspects, hierarchical controls and droop methods in microgrids: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 147-159.
    5. Akram, Umer & Nadarajah, Mithulananthan & Shah, Rakibuzzaman & Milano, Federico, 2020. "A review on rapid responsive energy storage technologies for frequency regulation in modern power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    6. Khamis, Aziah & Shareef, Hussain & Bizkevelci, Erdal & Khatib, Tamer, 2013. "A review of islanding detection techniques for renewable distributed generation systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 483-493.
    7. Shahid Aziz Khan & Mengqi Wang & Wencong Su & Guanliang Liu & Shivam Chaturvedi, 2022. "Grid-Forming Converters for Stability Issues in Future Power Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Annette von Jouanne & Emmanuel Agamloh & Alex Yokochi, 2023. "Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL): A Review to Advance Smart Inverter-Based Grid-Edge Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-27, January.
    2. Yu Fujimoto & Akihisa Kaneko & Yutaka Iino & Hideo Ishii & Yasuhiro Hayashi, 2023. "Challenges in Smartizing Operational Management of Functionally-Smart Inverters for Distributed Energy Resources: A Review on Machine Learning Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-26, January.
    3. Qusay Salem & Rafat Aljarrah & Mazaher Karimi & Ayman Al-Quraan, 2023. "Grid-Forming Inverter Control for Power Sharing in Microgrids Based on P / f and Q / V Droop Characteristics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-15, July.
    4. Albert Poulose & Soobae Kim, 2023. "Transient Stability Analysis and Enhancement Techniques of Renewable-Rich Power Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-30, March.
    5. Yousef Asadi & Mohsen Eskandari & Milad Mansouri & Andrey V. Savkin & Erum Pathan, 2022. "Frequency and Voltage Control Techniques through Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-29, November.

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