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Tests of Acid Batteries for Hybrid Energy Storage and Buffering System—A Technical Approach

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  • Stanisław Maleczek

    (Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
    Faculty of Medical and Technical Sciences, The Karkonosze University of Applied Sciences, Lwówecka Street 18, 58-503 Jelenia Góra, Poland)

  • Marcin Szczepaniak

    (Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Norbert Radek

    (Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiaclecia P.P.7., 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Stanisław Kowalkowski

    (Faculty of Military, War Studies University, 103 Gen. Antoni Chruściel “Monter” Str., 00-910 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz

    (Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland)

Abstract

Many armies around the world showed an increasing interest for the technology of renewable energy sources for military applications. However, to profit fully from solar or wind energy, an energy storage system is needed. In this article, we present an energy storage system based on acid-lead batteries as a component of a modular generation-storage as a model of military “smart camp”. We proposed a technical approach to study four different types of batteries: DEEP CYCLE, AGM, WET and VRLA in laboratory and real conditions typical for military equipment. It was observed that the best performance was observed for AGM battery in terms of the highest cold cracking amperage equal to 1205 A combined with the most compact construction and resistance to varying thermal conditions from −25 °C, 25 °C and 50 °C. Additionally, a 12-month long-term testing in real conditions revealed that AGM and VRLA showed decrease in capacity value maintaining only approx. 80% of initial value.

Suggested Citation

  • Stanisław Maleczek & Marcin Szczepaniak & Norbert Radek & Stanisław Kowalkowski & Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz, 2022. "Tests of Acid Batteries for Hybrid Energy Storage and Buffering System—A Technical Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-10, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:10:p:3514-:d:813311
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lujano-Rojas, Juan M. & Dufo-López, Rodolfo & Atencio-Guerra, José L. & Rodrigues, Eduardo M.G. & Bernal-Agustín, José L. & Catalão, João P.S., 2016. "Operating conditions of lead-acid batteries in the optimization of hybrid energy systems and microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 590-600.
    2. Lamnatou, Chr. & Chemisana, D. & Cristofari, C., 2022. "Smart grids and smart technologies in relation to photovoltaics, storage systems, buildings and the environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 1376-1391.
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    4. Dominika Kaczorowska & Jacek Rezmer & Michal Jasinski & Tomasz Sikorski & Vishnu Suresh & Zbigniew Leonowicz & Pawel Kostyla & Jaroslaw Szymanda & Przemyslaw Janik, 2020. "A Case Study on Battery Energy Storage System in a Virtual Power Plant: Defining Charging and Discharging Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-22, December.
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