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Applications of Carbon in Rechargeable Electrochemical Power Sources: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Jakub Lach

    (Łukasiewicz Research Network–Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8 Str., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Kamil Wróbel

    (Łukasiewicz Research Network–Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8 Str., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Justyna Wróbel

    (Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 55, 87-100 Toruń, Poland)

  • Andrzej Czerwiński

    (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Rechargeable power sources are an essential element of large-scale energy systems based on renewable energy sources. One of the major challenges in rechargeable battery research is the development of electrode materials with good performance and low cost. Carbon-based materials have a wide range of properties, high electrical conductivity, and overall stability during cycling, making them suitable materials for batteries, including stationary and large-scale systems. This review summarizes the latest progress on materials based on elemental carbon for modern rechargeable electrochemical power sources, such as commonly used lead–acid and lithium-ion batteries. Use of carbon in promising technologies (lithium–sulfur, sodium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors) is also described. Carbon is a key element leading to more efficient energy storage in these power sources. The applications, modifications, possible bio-sources, and basic properties of carbon materials, as well as recent developments, are described in detail. Carbon materials presented in the review include nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes, graphene) and composite materials with metals and their compounds.

Suggested Citation

  • Jakub Lach & Kamil Wróbel & Justyna Wróbel & Andrzej Czerwiński, 2021. "Applications of Carbon in Rechargeable Electrochemical Power Sources: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-29, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2649-:d:549109
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Kuan-Ching Lee & Mitchell Shyan Wei Lim & Zhong-Yun Hong & Siewhui Chong & Timm Joyce Tiong & Guan-Ting Pan & Chao-Ming Huang, 2021. "Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon for High-Performance Solid-State Supercapacitors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-11, July.
    3. Francesca Lionetto & Sonia Bagheri & Claudio Mele, 2021. "Sustainable Materials from Fish Industry Waste for Electrochemical Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-19, November.
    4. Meenatchi Thenappan & Subadevi Rengapillai & Sivakumar Marimuthu, 2022. "Hard Carbon Reprising Porous Morphology Derived from Coconut Sheath for Sodium-Ion Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.

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