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Electron paramagnetic resonance as a tool to determine the sodium charge storage mechanism of hard carbon

Author

Listed:
  • Bin Wang

    (Lancaster University
    The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One)

  • Jack R. Fitzpatrick

    (Lancaster University
    The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One
    Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London)

  • Adam Brookfield

    (University of Manchester)

  • Alistair J. Fielding

    (Liverpool John Moore University)

  • Emily Reynolds

    (ISIS Neutron and Muon Spallation Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell)

  • Jake Entwistle

    (Lancaster University)

  • Jincheng Tong

    (University of Manchester)

  • Ben F. Spencer

    (University of Manchester)

  • Sara Baldock

    (Lancaster University)

  • Katherine Hunter

    (Deregallera Ltd, Unit 2 De Clare Court, Pontygwindy Industrial Estate)

  • Christopher M. Kavanagh

    (Deregallera Ltd, Unit 2 De Clare Court, Pontygwindy Industrial Estate)

  • Nuria Tapia-Ruiz

    (Lancaster University
    The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Quad One
    Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London)

Abstract

Hard carbon is a promising negative electrode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries due to the ready availability of their precursors and high reversible charge storage. The reaction mechanisms that drive the sodiation properties in hard carbons and subsequent electrochemical performance are strictly linked to the characteristic slope and plateau regions observed in the voltage profile of these materials. This work shows that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful and fast diagnostic tool to predict the extent of the charge stored in the slope and plateau regions during galvanostatic tests in hard carbon materials. EPR lineshape simulation and temperature-dependent measurements help to separate the nature of the spins in mechanochemically modified hard carbon materials synthesised at different temperatures. This proves relationships between structure modification and electrochemical signatures in the galvanostatic curves to obtain information on their sodium storage mechanism. Furthermore, through ex situ EPR studies we study the evolution of these EPR signals at different states of charge to further elucidate the storage mechanisms in these carbons. Finally, we discuss the interrelationship between EPR spectroscopy data of the hard carbon samples studied and their corresponding charging storage mechanism.

Suggested Citation

  • Bin Wang & Jack R. Fitzpatrick & Adam Brookfield & Alistair J. Fielding & Emily Reynolds & Jake Entwistle & Jincheng Tong & Ben F. Spencer & Sara Baldock & Katherine Hunter & Christopher M. Kavanagh &, 2024. "Electron paramagnetic resonance as a tool to determine the sodium charge storage mechanism of hard carbon," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-45460-3
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45460-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. J.-M. Tarascon & M. Armand, 2001. "Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries," Nature, Nature, vol. 414(6861), pages 359-367, November.
    2. Yang Wen & Kai He & Yujie Zhu & Fudong Han & Yunhua Xu & Isamu Matsuda & Yoshitaka Ishii & John Cumings & Chunsheng Wang, 2014. "Expanded graphite as superior anode for sodium-ion batteries," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 5(1), pages 1-10, September.
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