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Rain Erosion Load and Its Effect on Leading-Edge Lifetime and Potential of Erosion-Safe Mode at Wind Turbines in the North Sea and Baltic Sea

Author

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  • Charlotte Bay Hasager

    (Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark)

  • Flemming Vejen

    (Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 København Ø, Denmark)

  • Witold Robert Skrzypiński

    (Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark)

  • Anna-Maria Tilg

    (Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark)

Abstract

Leading-edge erosion at wind turbine blades cause a loss in profit for wind farm owners, in particular offshore. The characterization of the rain erosion environmental load at wind turbine blades is based on the long-term rain rate and wind speed observations at 10-minute resolutions at coastal stations around the North Sea, Baltic Sea, and inland. It is assumed that an IEA Wind 15 MW turbine is installed at each station. The leading-edge lifetime is found to increase from the South to the North along the German and Danish North Sea coastline from 1.4 to 2.8 years. In the Danish and German Baltic Sea, the lifetime in the West is shorter (~2 years) than further East (~3 to 4 years). It is recommended to use a time series of 10 years or longer because shorter time series most likely will cause an overestimation of the lifetime. The loss in profit due to leading-edge erosion can potentially be reduced by ~70% using the erosion-safe mode, i.e., reduce the tip speed during heavy rain events, to reduce blade erosion, aerodynamic loss, repair costs, and downtime during repair. The aerodynamic loss for the 18 stations is on average 0.46% of the annual energy production.

Suggested Citation

  • Charlotte Bay Hasager & Flemming Vejen & Witold Robert Skrzypiński & Anna-Maria Tilg, 2021. "Rain Erosion Load and Its Effect on Leading-Edge Lifetime and Potential of Erosion-Safe Mode at Wind Turbines in the North Sea and Baltic Sea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-24, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:7:p:1959-:d:528834
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hasager, C. & Vejen, F. & Bech, J.I. & Skrzypiński, W.R. & Tilg, A.-M. & Nielsen, M., 2020. "Assessment of the rain and wind climate with focus on wind turbine blade leading edge erosion rate and expected lifetime in Danish Seas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 91-102.
    2. Slot, H.M. & Gelinck, E.R.M. & Rentrop, C. & van der Heide, E., 2015. "Leading edge erosion of coated wind turbine blades: Review of coating life models," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 837-848.
    3. H. Punge & K. Bedka & M. Kunz & A. Werner, 2014. "A new physically based stochastic event catalog for hail in Europe," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 73(3), pages 1625-1645, September.
    4. Mishnaevsky, Leon & Hasager, Charlotte Bay & Bak, Christian & Tilg, Anna-Maria & Bech, Jakob I. & Doagou Rad, Saeed & Fæster, Søren, 2021. "Leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: Understanding, prevention and protection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 953-969.
    5. Mishnaevsky, Leon, 2019. "Repair of wind turbine blades: Review of methods and related computational mechanics problems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 828-839.
    6. Herring, Robbie & Dyer, Kirsten & Martin, Ffion & Ward, Carwyn, 2019. "The increasing importance of leading edge erosion and a review of existing protection solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    7. Papi, Francesco & Balduzzi, Francesco & Ferrara, Giovanni & Bianchini, Alessandro, 2021. "Uncertainty quantification on the effects of rain-induced erosion on annual energy production and performance of a Multi-MW wind turbine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P1), pages 701-715.
    8. Han, Woobeom & Kim, Jonghwa & Kim, Bumsuk, 2018. "Effects of contamination and erosion at the leading edge of blade tip airfoils on the annual energy production of wind turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 817-823.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sara C. Pryor & Rebecca J. Barthelmie & Jeremy Cadence & Ebba Dellwik & Charlotte B. Hasager & Stephan T. Kral & Joachim Reuder & Marianne Rodgers & Marijn Veraart, 2022. "Atmospheric Drivers of Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion: Review and Recommendations for Future Research," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-41, November.
    2. Thanh-Cao Le & Tran-Huu-Tin Luu & Huu-Phuong Nguyen & Trung-Hau Nguyen & Duc-Duy Ho & Thanh-Canh Huynh, 2022. "Piezoelectric Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Structures: Current Status and Future Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-31, July.
    3. Lopez, Javier Contreras & Kolios, Athanasios & Wang, Lin & Chiachio, Manuel & Dimitrov, Nikolay, 2024. "Reliability-based leading edge erosion maintenance strategy selection framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    4. Fred Letson & Sara C. Pryor, 2023. "From Hydrometeor Size Distribution Measurements to Projections of Wind Turbine Blade Leading-Edge Erosion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-29, May.
    5. Dimitris Al. Katsaprakakis & Nikos Papadakis & Ioannis Ntintakis, 2021. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade Damage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-31, September.
    6. Bech, Jakob Ilsted & Johansen, Nicolai Frost-Jensen & Madsen, Martin Bonde & Hannesdóttir, Ásta & Hasager, Charlotte Bay, 2022. "Experimental study on the effect of drop size in rain erosion test and on lifetime prediction of wind turbine blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 776-789.
    7. Castorrini, Alessio & Barnabei, Valerio F. & Domenech, Luis & Šakalyté, Asta & Sánchez, Fernando & Campobasso, M. Sergio, 2024. "Impact of meteorological data factors and material characterization method on the predictions of leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    8. López, Javier Contreras & Kolios, Athanasios & Wang, Lin & Chiachio, Manuel, 2023. "A wind turbine blade leading edge rain erosion computational framework," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 131-141.
    9. Lopez, Javier Contreras & Kolios, Athanasios, 2024. "An autonomous decision-making agent for offshore wind turbine blades under leading edge erosion," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).

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