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Leading edge erosion of coated wind turbine blades: Review of coating life models

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  • Slot, H.M.
  • Gelinck, E.R.M.
  • Rentrop, C.
  • van der Heide, E.

Abstract

Erosion of the leading edge of wind turbine blades by droplet impingement wear, reduces blade aerodynamic efficiency and power output. Eventually, it compromises the integrity of blade surfaces. Elastomeric coatings are currently used for erosion resistance, yet the life of such coatings cannot be predicted accurately. This review paper gives an overview of experimentally validated erosion model blocks that can be used to predict the life of the leading edge of coated wind turbine blades. From the reviewed work it is concluded that surface fatigue, as nucleating wear mechanism for erosion damage, can explain erosive wear and failure of the coatings. An engineering approach to surface fatigue, using the Palmgren–Miner rule for cumulative damage, allows for the construction of a rain erosion incubation period equation. Coating life was described as a function of the rain intensity, the droplet diameter, the fatigue properties of the coating and the severity of the conditions. It is recommended to focus coating development on reduction of the impact pressure, e.g. by developing surfaces with a low modulus of elasticity; or on enlarging the safe area by: developing coatings with adjustable compressive stresses and hardness, or coatings without defects and impurities.

Suggested Citation

  • Slot, H.M. & Gelinck, E.R.M. & Rentrop, C. & van der Heide, E., 2015. "Leading edge erosion of coated wind turbine blades: Review of coating life models," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 837-848.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:80:y:2015:i:c:p:837-848
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.02.036
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dalili, N. & Edrisy, A. & Carriveau, R., 2009. "A review of surface engineering issues critical to wind turbine performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 428-438, February.
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    1. Pugh, K. & Nash, J.W. & Reaburn, G. & Stack, M.M., 2021. "On analytical tools for assessing the raindrop erosion of wind turbine blades," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    2. Charlotte Bay Hasager & Flemming Vejen & Witold Robert Skrzypiński & Anna-Maria Tilg, 2021. "Rain Erosion Load and Its Effect on Leading-Edge Lifetime and Potential of Erosion-Safe Mode at Wind Turbines in the North Sea and Baltic Sea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-24, April.
    3. Manisha Sawant & Sameer Thakare & A. Prabhakara Rao & Andrés E. Feijóo-Lorenzo & Neeraj Dhanraj Bokde, 2021. "A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-30, April.
    4. Verma, Amrit Shankar & Yan, Jiquan & Hu, Weifei & Jiang, Zhiyu & Shi, Wei & Teuwen, Julie J.E., 2023. "A review of impact loads on composite wind turbine blades: Impact threats and classification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    5. Dollinger, Christoph & Balaresque, Nicholas & Gaudern, Nicholas & Gleichauf, Daniel & Sorg, Michael & Fischer, Andreas, 2019. "IR thermographic flow visualization for the quantification of boundary layer flow disturbances due to the leading edge condition," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 709-721.
    6. Mishnaevsky, Leon & Hasager, Charlotte Bay & Bak, Christian & Tilg, Anna-Maria & Bech, Jakob I. & Doagou Rad, Saeed & Fæster, Søren, 2021. "Leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: Understanding, prevention and protection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 953-969.
    7. Hoksbergen, T.H. & Akkerman, R. & Baran, I., 2023. "Rain droplet impact stress analysis for leading edge protection coating systems for wind turbine blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    8. Liu, Wenyi, 2016. "Design and kinetic analysis of wind turbine blade-hub-tower coupled system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 547-557.
    9. López, Javier Contreras & Kolios, Athanasios & Wang, Lin & Chiachio, Manuel, 2023. "A wind turbine blade leading edge rain erosion computational framework," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 131-141.
    10. Zhang, Shijie & Wei, Jing & Chen, Xi & Zhao, Yuhao, 2020. "China in global wind power development: Role, status and impact," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    11. Herring, Robbie & Dyer, Kirsten & Martin, Ffion & Ward, Carwyn, 2019. "The increasing importance of leading edge erosion and a review of existing protection solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    12. Jeanie A. Aird & Rebecca J. Barthelmie & Sara C. Pryor, 2023. "Automated Quantification of Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion from Field Images," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-23, March.
    13. Sara C. Pryor & Rebecca J. Barthelmie & Jeremy Cadence & Ebba Dellwik & Charlotte B. Hasager & Stephan T. Kral & Joachim Reuder & Marianne Rodgers & Marijn Veraart, 2022. "Atmospheric Drivers of Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion: Review and Recommendations for Future Research," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-41, November.
    14. Fraisse, Anthony & Bech, Jakob Ilsted & Borum, Kaj Kvisgaard & Fedorov, Vladimir & Frost-Jensen Johansen, Nicolai & McGugan, Malcolm & Mishnaevsky, Leon & Kusano, Yukihiro, 2018. "Impact fatigue damage of coated glass fibre reinforced polymer laminate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 1102-1112.
    15. James W. K. Nash & Iasonas Zekos & Margaret M. Stack, 2021. "Mapping of Meteorological Observations over the Island of Ireland to Enhance the Understanding and Prediction of Rain Erosion in Wind Turbine Blades," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-34, July.
    16. Hasager, C. & Vejen, F. & Bech, J.I. & Skrzypiński, W.R. & Tilg, A.-M. & Nielsen, M., 2020. "Assessment of the rain and wind climate with focus on wind turbine blade leading edge erosion rate and expected lifetime in Danish Seas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 91-102.
    17. Verma, Amrit Shankar & Jiang, Zhiyu & Caboni, Marco & Verhoef, Hans & van der Mijle Meijer, Harald & Castro, Saullo G.P. & Teuwen, Julie J.E., 2021. "A probabilistic rainfall model to estimate the leading-edge lifetime of wind turbine blade coating system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 1435-1455.
    18. Dimitris Al. Katsaprakakis & Nikos Papadakis & Ioannis Ntintakis, 2021. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade Damage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-31, September.
    19. Mishnaevsky, Leon, 2019. "Repair of wind turbine blades: Review of methods and related computational mechanics problems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 828-839.
    20. Bech, Jakob Ilsted & Johansen, Nicolai Frost-Jensen & Madsen, Martin Bonde & Hannesdóttir, Ásta & Hasager, Charlotte Bay, 2022. "Experimental study on the effect of drop size in rain erosion test and on lifetime prediction of wind turbine blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 776-789.
    21. Fang, Jianhao & Hu, Weifei & Liu, Zhenyu & Chen, Weiyi & Tan, Jianrong & Jiang, Zhiyu & Verma, Amrit Shankar, 2022. "Wind turbine rotor speed design optimization considering rain erosion based on deep reinforcement learning," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    22. Xiaowen Song & Zhitai Xing & Yan Jia & Xiaojuan Song & Chang Cai & Yinan Zhang & Zekun Wang & Jicai Guo & Qingan Li, 2022. "Review on the Damage and Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Blades in the Germination Stage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-17, October.
    23. Castorrini, Alessio & Barnabei, Valerio F. & Domenech, Luis & Šakalyté, Asta & Sánchez, Fernando & Campobasso, M. Sergio, 2024. "Impact of meteorological data factors and material characterization method on the predictions of leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).

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