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Optimization of Biochar Production by Co-Torrefaction of Microalgae and Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Response Surface Methodology

Author

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  • Catarina Viegas

    (MEtRICs—Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (FCT-NOVA), Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal)

  • Catarina Nobre

    (CoLAB BIOREF—Collaborative Laboratory for Biorefineries, Rua Amieira Apartado 1089, 4466-901 São Mamede de Infesta, Portugal)

  • Ricardo Correia

    (MEtRICs—Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (FCT-NOVA), Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal)

  • Luísa Gouveia

    (LNEG—Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P./Bioenergy Unit, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Margarida Gonçalves

    (MEtRICs—Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (FCT-NOVA), Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal)

Abstract

Co-torrefaction of microalgae and lignocellulosic biomass was evaluated as a method to process microalgae sludge produced from various effluents and to obtain biochars with suitable properties for energy or material valorization. The influence of four independent variables on biochar yield and properties was evaluated by a set of experiments defined by response surface methodology (RSM). The biochars were characterized for proximate and ultimate composition, HHV, and methylene blue adsorption capacity. HHV of the biochars was positively correlated with carbonization temperature, residence time, and lignocellulosic biomass content in the feed. Co-torrefaction conditions that led to a higher yield of biochar (76.5%) with good calorific value (17.4 MJ Kg −1 ) were 250 °C, 60 min of residence time, 5% feed moisture, and 50% lignocellulosic biomass. The energy efficiency of the process was higher for lower temperatures (92.6%) but decreased abruptly with the increase of the moisture content of the feed mixture (16.9 to 57.3% for 70% moisture). Biochars produced using algal biomass grown in contaminated effluents presented high ash content and low calorific value. Dye removal efficiency by the produced biochars was tested, reaching 95% methylene blue adsorption capacity for the biochars produced with the least severe torrefaction conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Catarina Viegas & Catarina Nobre & Ricardo Correia & Luísa Gouveia & Margarida Gonçalves, 2021. "Optimization of Biochar Production by Co-Torrefaction of Microalgae and Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Response Surface Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-23, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:21:p:7330-:d:672155
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Mohamad Aziz, Nur Atiqah & Mohamed, Hassan & Kania, Dina & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Zainal, Bidattul Syirat & Junoh, Hazlina & Ker, Pin Jern & Silitonga, A.S., 2024. "Bioenergy production by integrated microwave-assisted torrefaction and pyrolysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    3. Abdul Waheed & Salman Raza Naqvi & Imtiaz Ali, 2022. "Co-Torrefaction Progress of Biomass Residue/Waste Obtained for High-Value Bio-Solid Products," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, November.
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    5. Kai Ling Yu & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Halimah Badioze Zaman, 2022. "Microalgae Biomass as Biofuel and the Green Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-6, October.

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