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Oxidative torrefaction of biomass nutshells: Evaluations of energy efficiency as well as biochar transportation and storage

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  • Zhang, Congyu
  • Ho, Shih-Hsin
  • Chen, Wei-Hsin
  • Fu, Yujie
  • Chang, Jo-Shu
  • Bi, Xiaotao

Abstract

Oxidative torrefaction of three biomass nutshells (walnut shell, xanthoceras sorbifolia shell, and sapindus mukorossi shell) were analyzed in the present study where the influences of torrefaction temperature (250 and 300 °C), torrefaction duration (10–30 min), and oxygen concentration (0–21%) on torrefaction performance were taken into consideration. The results suggested that the oxidatively torrefied nutshells also exhibited strongly linear distribution in the van Krevelen diagram, and the carbon enrichment was a feasible index to describe weight loss (torrefaction severity) and the enhancement factor of biochar calorific value. To evaluate the industrial potential of oxidative torrefaction for biochar production, the energy efficiency and energy-mass co-benefit index were also examined. The analysis indicated that torrefaction with a higher oxygen concentration accompanied by a shorter duration rendered a higher energy efficiency, and vice versa. However, from biochar delivery and storage points of view, an opposite trend was observed, especially at the torrefaction temperature of 250 °C, but the influence of oxygen concentration was relatively small. Overall, it appeared that the biomass oxidatively torrefied for 20 min along with using air as the carrier gas could reach the balance of energy efficiency and fuel delivery.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Congyu & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Fu, Yujie & Chang, Jo-Shu & Bi, Xiaotao, 2019. "Oxidative torrefaction of biomass nutshells: Evaluations of energy efficiency as well as biochar transportation and storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 428-441.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:235:y:2019:i:c:p:428-441
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.090
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Peng, Jianghong & Bi, Xiaotao T., 2015. "A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 847-866.
    2. Zhang, Congyu & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Xie, Youping & Liu, Zhenquan & Chang, Jo-Shu, 2018. "Torrefaction performance and energy usage of biomass wastes and their correlations with torrefaction severity index," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 598-604.
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    8. Huang, Yu-Fong & Cheng, Pei-Hsin & Chiueh, Pei-Te & Lo, Shang-Lien, 2017. "Leucaena biochar produced by microwave torrefaction: Fuel properties and energy efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1018-1025.
    9. Chen, Yun-Chun & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Lin, Bo-Jhih & Chang, Jo-Shu & Ong, Hwai Chyuan, 2016. "Impact of torrefaction on the composition, structure and reactivity of a microalga residue," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 110-119.
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