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Oxidative torrefaction of biomass nutshells: Evaluations of energy efficiency as well as biochar transportation and storage

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  • Zhang, Congyu
  • Ho, Shih-Hsin
  • Chen, Wei-Hsin
  • Fu, Yujie
  • Chang, Jo-Shu
  • Bi, Xiaotao

Abstract

Oxidative torrefaction of three biomass nutshells (walnut shell, xanthoceras sorbifolia shell, and sapindus mukorossi shell) were analyzed in the present study where the influences of torrefaction temperature (250 and 300 °C), torrefaction duration (10–30 min), and oxygen concentration (0–21%) on torrefaction performance were taken into consideration. The results suggested that the oxidatively torrefied nutshells also exhibited strongly linear distribution in the van Krevelen diagram, and the carbon enrichment was a feasible index to describe weight loss (torrefaction severity) and the enhancement factor of biochar calorific value. To evaluate the industrial potential of oxidative torrefaction for biochar production, the energy efficiency and energy-mass co-benefit index were also examined. The analysis indicated that torrefaction with a higher oxygen concentration accompanied by a shorter duration rendered a higher energy efficiency, and vice versa. However, from biochar delivery and storage points of view, an opposite trend was observed, especially at the torrefaction temperature of 250 °C, but the influence of oxygen concentration was relatively small. Overall, it appeared that the biomass oxidatively torrefied for 20 min along with using air as the carrier gas could reach the balance of energy efficiency and fuel delivery.

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  • Zhang, Congyu & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Fu, Yujie & Chang, Jo-Shu & Bi, Xiaotao, 2019. "Oxidative torrefaction of biomass nutshells: Evaluations of energy efficiency as well as biochar transportation and storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 428-441.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:235:y:2019:i:c:p:428-441
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.090
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    1. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Peng, Jianghong & Bi, Xiaotao T., 2015. "A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 847-866.
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    2. Wen-Tien Tsai & Tasi-Jung Jiang & Yu-Quan Lin & Xiang Zhang & Kung-Sheng Yeh & Chi-Hung Tsai, 2021. "Fuel Properties of Torrefied Biomass from Sapindus Pericarp Extraction Residue under a Wide Range of Pyrolysis Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-10, November.
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    4. Marcin Bajcar & Miłosz Zardzewiały & Bogdan Saletnik & Grzegorz Zaguła & Czesław Puchalski & Józef Gorzelany, 2023. "Torrefaction as a Way to Remove Chlorine and Improve the Energy Properties of Plant Biomass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-10, October.
    5. Sui, Haiqing & Chen, Jianfeng & Cheng, Wei & Zhu, Youjian & Zhang, Wennan & Hu, Junhao & Jiang, Hao & Shao, Jing'ai & Chen, Hanping, 2024. "Effect of oxidative torrefaction on fuel and pelletizing properties of agricultural biomass in comparison with non-oxidative torrefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    6. Peng Liu & Panpan Lang & Ailing Lu & Yanling Li & Xueqin Li & Tanglei Sun & Yantao Yang & Hui Li & Tingzhou Lei, 2022. "Effect of Evolution of Carbon Structure during Torrefaction in Woody Biomass on Thermal Degradation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-11, December.
    7. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Felix, Charles B., 2024. "Thermo-kinetics study of microalgal biomass in oxidative torrefaction followed by machine learning regression and classification approaches," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    8. Zhang, Congyu & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Ho, Shih-Hsin, 2022. "Elemental loss, enrichment, transformation and life cycle assessment of torrefied corncob," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
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    10. Devaraja, Udya Madhavi Aravindi & Senadheera, Sachini Supunsala & Gunarathne, Duleeka Sandamali, 2022. "Torrefaction severity and performance of Rubberwood and Gliricidia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 1341-1353.
    11. Piotr Gołębiowski & Marianna Jacyna & Andrzej Stańczak, 2021. "The Assessment of Energy Efficiency versus Planning of Rail Freight Traffic: A Case Study on the Example of Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-18, September.
    12. Cheng, Wei & Shao, Jing'ai & Zhu, Youjian & Zhang, Wennan & Jiang, Hao & Hu, Junhao & Zhang, Xiong & Yang, Haiping & Chen, Hanping, 2022. "Effect of oxidative torrefaction on particulate matter emission from agricultural biomass pellet combustion in comparison with non-oxidative torrefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 39-51.
    13. Zhao, Zhong & Feng, Shuo & Zhao, Yaying & Wang, Zhuozhi & Ma, Jiao & Xu, Lianfei & Yang, Jiancheng & Shen, Boxiong, 2022. "Investigation on the fuel quality and hydrophobicity of upgraded rice husk derived from various inert and oxidative torrefaction conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 1234-1248.
    14. Kung, Kevin S. & Thengane, Sonal K. & Shanbhogue, Santosh & Ghoniem, Ahmed F., 2019. "Parametric analysis of torrefaction reactor operating under oxygen-lean conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 603-614.
    15. Zhang, Congyu & Zhan, Yong & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Park, Young-Kwon & Culaba, Alvin B. & Zhang, Ying, 2024. "Correlations between different fuel property indicators and carbonization degree of oxidatively torrefied microalgal biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    16. Kartal, Furkan & Özveren, Uğur, 2022. "Prediction of torrefied biomass properties from raw biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 578-591.
    17. Chaerusani, Virdi & Ramli, Yusrin & Zahra, Aghietyas Choirun Az & Zhang, Pan & Rizkiana, Jenny & Kongparakul, Suwadee & Samart, Chanatip & Karnjanakom, Surachai & Kang, Dong-Jin & Abudula, Abuliti & G, 2024. "In-situ catalytic upgrading of bio-oils from rapid pyrolysis of torrefied giant miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) over copper‑magnesium bimetal modified HZSM-5," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    18. da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes & Pereira, Jefferson Leque Claudio & Andersen, Silvia Layara Floriani & Moreira, Regina de Fatima Peralta Muniz & José, Humberto Jorge, 2020. "Torrefaction of ponkan peel waste in tubular fixed-bed reactor: In-depth bioenergetic evaluation of torrefaction products," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    19. Li, Lanyu & Yao, Zhiyi & You, Siming & Wang, Chi-Hwa & Chong, Clive & Wang, Xiaonan, 2019. "Optimal design of negative emission hybrid renewable energy systems with biochar production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C), pages 233-249.
    20. Korshunov, Alexey & Kichatov, Boris & Melnikova, Ksenia & Gubernov, Vladimir & Yakovenko, Ivan & Kiverin, Alexey & Golubkov, Alexandr, 2019. "Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass torrefied in a quiescent mineral layer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    21. Lasek, Janusz A. & Głód, Krzysztof & Słowik, Krzysztof, 2021. "The co-combustion of torrefied municipal solid waste and coal in bubbling fluidised bed combustor under atmospheric and elevated pressure," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 828-841.
    22. Zhang, Congyu & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Wang, Rupeng, 2021. "Comparative indexes, fuel characterization and thermogravimetric- Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-mass spectrogram (TG-FTIR-MS) analysis of microalga Nannochloropsis Oceanica under oxidative a," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).

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