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Power Quality Phenomena, Standards, and Proposed Metrics for DC Grids

Author

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  • Andrea Mariscotti

    (Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy)

Abstract

This work addresses the problem of power quality (PQ) metrics (or indexes) suitable for DC grids, encompassing low and medium voltage applications, including electric transports, all-electric ships and aircrafts, electric vehicles, distributed generation and microgrids, modern data centers, etc. The two main pillars on which such PQ indexes are discussed and built are: (i) the physical justification, so the electric phenomena affecting DC grids and components (PV panels, fuel cells, capacitors, batteries, etc.), causing, e.g., stress of materials, aging, distortion, grid instability; and (ii) the existing standardization framework, pointing out desirable coverage and extension, similarity with AC grids standards, but also inconsistencies. For the first point, each phenomenon is discussed with quantitative conclusions on relevant thresholds: in many cases some percentage of distortion (ripple) is acceptable (stress on capacitors and storage, impact on fuel cells, and PV panels), whereas in other cases, much higher levels may be tolerated (interference to protection and monitoring devices). Standards are reviewed for indications not only of low-order harmonics and voltage fluctuations typical of old DC grid schemes, but also for high-frequency noise, including thus supraharmonics and common-mode disturbance, and filling the gap with the electromagnetic compatibility domain. However, phenomena typical of EMC and electrical safety (such as various types of overvoltages and fast transients) are excluded. Suitable PQ indexes are then reviewed, suggesting integrations and modifications, to cover the relevant phenomena and technological progress, and to better follow the normative exigencies: ripple is considered in time and frequency domain, in particular with a band limited implementation; for transients and pulsed loads, more traditional indexes based on area, energy, and half duration are confronted with indexes evaluating the power trajectory and its derivative.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrea Mariscotti, 2021. "Power Quality Phenomena, Standards, and Proposed Metrics for DC Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-41, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6453-:d:652355
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Derong Luo & Ting Wu & Ming Li & Benshun Yi & Haibo Zuo, 2020. "Application of VMD and Hilbert Transform Algorithms on Detection of the Ripple Components of the DC Signal," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-20, February.
    2. Yljon Seferi & Steven M. Blair & Christian Mester & Brian G. Stewart, 2021. "A Novel Arc Detection Method for DC Railway Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-21, January.
    3. Andrea Mariscotti & Leonardo Sandrolini, 2021. "Detection of Harmonic Overvoltage and Resonance in AC Railways Using Measured Pantograph Electrical Quantities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-22, September.
    4. Stephen Whaite & Brandon Grainger & Alexis Kwasinski, 2015. "Power Quality in DC Power Distribution Systems and Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-22, May.
    5. Julio Barros & Matilde de Apráiz & Ramón I. Diego, 2019. "Power Quality in DC Distribution Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-13, March.
    6. Van den Broeck, Giel & Stuyts, Jeroen & Driesen, Johan, 2018. "A critical review of power quality standards and definitions applied to DC microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 281-288.
    7. Venkata Anand Prabhala & Bhanu Prashant Baddipadiga & Poria Fajri & Mehdi Ferdowsi, 2018. "An Overview of Direct Current Distribution System Architectures & Benefits," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-20, September.
    8. Stanislaw Czapp & Hanan Tariq, 2021. "Behavior of Residual Current Devices at Frequencies up to 50 kHz," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-17, March.
    9. Stefano Lodetti & Jorge Bruna & Julio J. Melero & José F. Sanz, 2019. "Wavelet Packet Decomposition for IEC Compliant Assessment of Harmonics under Stationary and Fluctuating Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-15, November.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Mena ElMenshawy & Ahmed Massoud, 2022. "Medium-Voltage DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Bus Fast Charging Stations: State-of-the-Art Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-20, July.
    3. Łukasz Michalec & Paweł Kostyła & Zbigniew Leonowicz, 2022. "Supraharmonic Pollution Emitted by Nonlinear Loads in Power Networks—Ongoing Worldwide Research and Upcoming Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Julio Barros, 2022. "New Power Quality Measurement Techniques and Indices in DC and AC Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-3, December.
    5. Marcos Vinicius Mosconi Ewerling & Telles Brunelli Lazzarin & Carlos Henrique Illa Font, 2022. "Modular SEPIC-Based Isolated dc–dc Converter with Reduced Voltage Stresses across the Semiconductors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
    6. Helko E. van den Brom & Ronald van Leeuwen & Gerasimos Maroulis & Samad Shah & Laurens Mackay, 2023. "Power Quality Measurement Results for a Configurable Urban Low-Voltage DC Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-18, June.
    7. Andrea Mariscotti & Leonardo Sandrolini & Mattia Simonazzi, 2022. "Supraharmonic Emissions from DC Grid Connected Wireless Power Transfer Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-21, July.
    8. Graham Town & Seyedfoad Taghizadeh & Sara Deilami, 2022. "Review of Fast Charging for Electrified Transport: Demand, Technology, Systems, and Planning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-30, February.
    9. Ahmed Abdelhak Smadi & Farid Khoucha & Yassine Amirat & Abdeldjabar Benrabah & Mohamed Benbouzid, 2023. "Active Disturbance Rejection Control of an Interleaved High Gain DC-DC Boost Converter for Fuel Cell Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-17, January.
    10. Anna Ostrowska & Łukasz Michalec & Marek Skarupski & Michał Jasiński & Tomasz Sikorski & Paweł Kostyła & Robert Lis & Grzegorz Mudrak & Tomasz Rodziewicz, 2022. "Power Quality Assessment in a Real Microgrid-Statistical Assessment of Different Long-Term Working Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-26, October.

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