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Energy Management Systems for Grid-Connected Houses with Solar PV and Battery by Considering Flat and Time-of-Use Electricity Rates

Author

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  • Xincheng Pan

    (Department STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia)

  • Rahmat Khezri

    (College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia)

  • Amin Mahmoudi

    (College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia)

  • Amirmehdi Yazdani

    (Discipline of Engineering and Energy, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
    Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia)

  • GM Shafiullah

    (Discipline of Engineering and Energy, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
    Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia)

Abstract

This paper develops new practical rule-based energy management systems (EMSs) for typical grid-connected houses with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery by considering different rates for purchasing and selling electricity. The EMSs are developed to supply the household’s loads and reduce operating costs of the system based on different options of flat and time-of-use (ToU) rates for buying and selling electricity prices. Four different options are evaluated and compared in this study: (1) Flat-Flat, (2) ToU-Flat, (3) Flat-ToU, and (4) ToU-ToU. The operation cost is calculated based on the electricity exchange with the main grid, the equivalent cost of PV generation, as well as the degradation cost of battery storage. The operation of the grid-connected house with rooftop solar PV and battery is evaluated for a sunny week in summer and a cloudy week in winter to investigate the proper performance for high and low generations of PV. While the developed rule-based EMS are generic and can be applied for any case studies, a grid-connected house in Australia is examined. For this purpose, real data of solar radiation, air temperature, electricity consumption, and electricity rates are used. It is found that the ToU-Flat option has the lowest operating cost for the customers.

Suggested Citation

  • Xincheng Pan & Rahmat Khezri & Amin Mahmoudi & Amirmehdi Yazdani & GM Shafiullah, 2021. "Energy Management Systems for Grid-Connected Houses with Solar PV and Battery by Considering Flat and Time-of-Use Electricity Rates," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-21, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:5028-:d:615455
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Elkazaz, Mahmoud & Sumner, Mark & Naghiyev, Eldar & Pholboon, Seksak & Davies, Richard & Thomas, David, 2020. "A hierarchical two-stage energy management for a home microgrid using model predictive and real-time controllers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
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    4. Iflah Javeed & Rahmat Khezri & Amin Mahmoudi & Amirmehdi Yazdani & G. M. Shafiullah, 2021. "Optimal Sizing of Rooftop PV and Battery Storage for Grid-Connected Houses Considering Flat and Time-of-Use Electricity Rates," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-19, June.
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    3. Rahmat Khezri & Amin Mahmoudi & Hirohisa Aki & S. M. Muyeen, 2021. "Optimal Planning of Remote Area Electricity Supply Systems: Comprehensive Review, Recent Developments and Future Scopes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.

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