IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i16p4752-d608650.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Cascade Membrane System for Separation of Water and Organics from Liquid By-Products of HTC of the Agricultural Digestate—Evaluation of Performance

Author

Listed:
  • Agnieszka Urbanowska

    (Department of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz

    (Department of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Christian Aragon-Briceño

    (Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands)

  • Mateusz Wnukowski

    (Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Artur Pożarlik

    (Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands)

  • Lukasz Niedzwiecki

    (Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Marcin Baranowski

    (Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Michał Czerep

    (Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Przemysław Seruga

    (Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
    Zakład Gospodarowania Odpadami GAĆ Sp. z o.o., Gać 90, 55-200 Oława, Poland)

  • Halina Pawlak-Kruczek

    (Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Eduard Bramer

    (Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands)

  • Gerrit Brem

    (Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands)

Abstract

New regulations aimed at curbing the problem of eutrophication introduce limitations for traditional ways to use the by-product of anaerobic digestion—the digestate. Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) can be a viable way to valorise the digestate in an energy-efficient manner and at the same time maximise the synergy in terms of recovery of water, nutrients, followed by more efficient use of the remaining carbon. Additionally, hydrothermal treatment is a feasible way to recirculate recalcitrant process residues. Recirculation to anaerobic digestion enables recovery of a significant part of chemical energy lost in HTC by organics dissolved in the liquid effluent. Recirculating back to the HTC process can enhance nutrient recovery by making process water more acidic. However, such an effect of synergy can be exploited to its full extent only when viable separation techniques are applied to separate organic by-products of HTC and water. The results presented in this study show that using cascade membrane systems (microfiltration (MF) → ultrafiltration (UF) → nanofiltration (NF)), using polymeric membranes, can facilitate such separation. The best results were obtained by conducting sequential treatment of the liquid by-product of HTC in the following membrane sequence: MF 0.2 µm → UF PES 10 → NF NPO30P, which allowed reaching COD removal efficiency of almost 60%.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Urbanowska & Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz & Christian Aragon-Briceño & Mateusz Wnukowski & Artur Pożarlik & Lukasz Niedzwiecki & Marcin Baranowski & Michał Czerep & Przemysław Seruga & Hali, 2021. "Cascade Membrane System for Separation of Water and Organics from Liquid By-Products of HTC of the Agricultural Digestate—Evaluation of Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4752-:d:608650
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4752/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4752/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sobek, Szymon & Werle, Sebastian, 2019. "Solar pyrolysis of waste biomass: Part 1 reactor design," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1939-1948.
    2. Roberta Ferrentino & Fabio Merzari & Luca Fiori & Gianni Andreottola, 2020. "Coupling Hydrothermal Carbonization with Anaerobic Digestion for Sewage Sludge Treatment: Influence of HTC Liquor and Hydrochar on Biomethane Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Wilk, Małgorzata & Magdziarz, Aneta & Kalemba-Rec, Izabela & Szymańska-Chargot, Monika, 2020. "Upgrading of green waste into carbon-rich solid biofuel by hydrothermal carbonization: The effect of process parameters on hydrochar derived from acacia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    4. Jan den Boer & Gudrun Obersteiner & Sebastian Gollnow & Emilia den Boer & Renata Bodnárné Sándor, 2021. "Enhancement of Food Waste Management and Its Environmental Consequences," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-18, March.
    5. Manfredi Picciotto Maniscalco & Maurizio Volpe & Antonio Messineo, 2020. "Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Valuable Tool for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-26, August.
    6. Xiao, Dengpan & Liu, De Li & Feng, Puyu & Wang, Bin & Waters, Cathy & Shen, Yanjun & Qi, Yongqing & Bai, Huizi & Tang, Jianzhao, 2021. "Future climate change impacts on grain yield and groundwater use under different cropping systems in the North China Plain," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    7. Pablo J. Arauzo & Maciej P. Olszewski & Andrea Kruse, 2018. "Hydrothermal Carbonization Brewer’s Spent Grains with the Focus on Improving the Degradation of the Feedstock," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, November.
    8. Kantorek, Marcin & Jesionek, Krzysztof & Polesek-Karczewska, Sylwia & Ziółkowski, Paweł & Stajnke, Michał & Badur, Janusz, 2021. "Thermal utilization of meat-and-bone meal using the rotary kiln pyrolyzer and the fluidized bed boiler – The performance of pilot-scale installation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1447-1456.
    9. Kaczor, Zuzanna & Buliński, Zbigniew & Werle, Sebastian, 2020. "Modelling approaches to waste biomass pyrolysis: a review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 427-443.
    10. Przemysław Seruga & Małgorzata Krzywonos & Anna Seruga & Łukasz Niedźwiecki & Halina Pawlak-Kruczek & Agnieszka Urbanowska, 2020. "Anaerobic Digestion Performance: Separate Collected vs. Mechanical Segregated Organic Fractions of Municipal Solid Waste as Feedstock," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-14, July.
    11. Lippert, Thomas & Bandelin, Jochen & Xu, Yunqi & Liu, Yu Chen & Robles, Gabriel Hernández & Drewes, Jörg E. & Koch, Konrad, 2020. "From pre-treatment to co-treatment - How successful is ultrasonication of digested sewage sludge in continuously operated anaerobic digesters?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 56-65.
    12. Kathleen Meisel & Andreas Clemens & Christoph Fühner & Marc Breulmann & Stefan Majer & Daniela Thrän, 2019. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of HTC Concepts Valorizing Sewage Sludge for Energetic and Agricultural Use," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-16, February.
    13. Christopher Schmid & Thomas Horschig & Alexandra Pfeiffer & Nora Szarka & Daniela Thrän, 2019. "Biogas Upgrading: A Review of National Biomethane Strategies and Support Policies in Selected Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-24, October.
    14. Andrea Kruse & Thomas A. Zevaco, 2018. "Properties of Hydrochar as Function of Feedstock, Reaction Conditions and Post-Treatment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-12, March.
    15. Aragón-Briceño, C.I. & Grasham, O. & Ross, A.B. & Dupont, V. & Camargo-Valero, M.A., 2020. "Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage digestate at wastewater treatment works: Influence of solid loading on characteristics of hydrochar, process water and plant energetics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 959-973.
    16. Grusson, Youen & Wesström, Ingrid & Svedberg, Elina & Joel, Abraham, 2021. "Influence of climate change on water partitioning in agricultural watersheds: Examples from Sweden," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    17. David Steinbach & Andrea Kruse & Jörg Sauer & Philipp Vetter, 2018. "Sucrose Is a Promising Feedstock for the Synthesis of the Platform Chemical Hydroxymethylfurfural," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-15, March.
    18. Aghapour Sabbaghi, Mohammad & Nazari, Mohammadreza & Araghinejad, Shahab & Soufizadeh, Saeid, 2020. "Economic impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in Zayandehroud river basin in Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    19. Aragón-Briceño, C.I. & Ross, A.B. & Camargo-Valero, M.A., 2021. "Mass and energy integration study of hydrothermal carbonization with anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 473-483.
    20. Grzegorz Piechota & Bartłomiej Igliński, 2021. "Biomethane in Poland—Current Status, Potential, Perspective and Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-32, March.
    21. Agnieszka Urbanowska & Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz & Mateusz Wnukowski & Przemysław Seruga & Marcin Baranowski & Halina Pawlak-Kruczek & Monika Serafin-Tkaczuk & Krystian Krochmalny & Lukasz Niedzwi, 2020. "Treatment of Liquid By-Products of Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Agricultural Digestate Using Membrane Separation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, January.
    22. Aragón-Briceño, C.I. & Pozarlik, A.K. & Bramer, E.A. & Niedzwiecki, Lukasz & Pawlak-Kruczek, H. & Brem, G., 2021. "Hydrothermal carbonization of wet biomass from nitrogen and phosphorus approach: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 401-415.
    23. Shrestha, Ankita & Acharya, Bishnu & Farooque, Aitazaz A., 2021. "Study of hydrochar and process water from hydrothermal carbonization of sea lettuce," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 589-598.
    24. Śliz, Maciej & Wilk, Małgorzata, 2020. "A comprehensive investigation of hydrothermal carbonization: Energy potential of hydrochar derived from Virginia mallow," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 942-950.
    25. Antonio Picone & Maurizio Volpe & Antonio Messineo, 2021. "Process Water Recirculation during Hydrothermal Carbonization of Waste Biomass: Current Knowledge and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-14, May.
    26. Azman, Samet & Milh, Hannah & Somers, Matthijs H. & Zhang, Huili & Huybrechts, Ine & Meers, Erik & Meesschaert, Boudewijn & Dewil, Raf & Appels, Lise, 2020. "Ultrasound-assisted digestate treatment of manure digestate for increased biogas production in small pilot scale anaerobic digesters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 664-673.
    27. Taina Lühmann & Benjamin Wirth, 2020. "Sewage Sludge Valorization via Hydrothermal Carbonization: Optimizing Dewaterability and Phosphorus Release," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-16, August.
    28. Aidan Mark Smith & Ugochinyere Ekpo & Andrew Barry Ross, 2020. "The Influence of pH on the Combustion Properties of Bio-Coal Following Hydrothermal Treatment of Swine Manure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-20, January.
    29. Alessandra Procentese & Maria Elena Russo & Ilaria Di Somma & Antonio Marzocchella, 2020. "Kinetic Characterization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Apple Pomace as Feedstock for a Sugar-Based Biorefinery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-12, February.
    30. Kiran R. Parmar & Andrew B. Ross, 2019. "Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation with Anaerobic Digestion; Opportunities for Valorisation of Digestate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, April.
    31. Surup, Gerrit Ralf & Leahy, James J. & Timko, Michael T. & Trubetskaya, Anna, 2020. "Hydrothermal carbonization of olive wastes to produce renewable, binder-free pellets for use as metallurgical reducing agents," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 347-357.
    32. Cortignani, Raffaele & Dell’Unto, Davide & Dono, Gabriele, 2021. "Paths of adaptation to climate change in major Italian agricultural areas: Effectiveness and limits in supporting the profitability of farms," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    33. Subhash Paul & Animesh Dutta & Fantahun Defersha, 2018. "Mechanical and Alkaline Hydrothermal Treated Corn Residue Conversion in to Bioenergy and Biofertilizer: A Resource Recovery Concept," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-20, February.
    34. Silvia Román & Judy Libra & Nicole Berge & Eduardo Sabio & Kyoung Ro & Liang Li & Beatriz Ledesma & Andrés Álvarez & Sunyoung Bae, 2018. "Hydrothermal Carbonization: Modeling, Final Properties Design and Applications: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-28, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Krzysztof Czajka & Witold Kawalec & Robert Król & Izabela Sówka, 2022. "Modelling and Calculation of Raw Material Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-6, July.
    2. Urbanowska, Agnieszka & Niedzwiecki, Lukasz & Wnukowski, Mateusz & Aragon-Briceño, Christian & Kabsch-Korbutowicz, Małgorzata & Baranowski, Marcin & Czerep, Michał & Seruga, Przemysław & Pawlak-Krucze, 2023. "Recovery of chemical energy from retentates from cascade membrane filtration of hydrothermal carbonisation effluent," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Aragon-Briceño, Christian & Pożarlik, Artur & Bramer, Eddy & Brem, Gerrit & Wang, Shule & Wen, Yuming & Yang, Weihong & Pawlak-Kruczek, Halina & Niedźwiecki, Łukasz & Urbanowska, Agnieszka & Mościcki,, 2022. "Integration of hydrothermal carbonization treatment for water and energy recovery from organic fraction of municipal solid waste digestate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 577-591.
    2. Halina Pawlak-Kruczek & Agnieszka Urbanowska & Lukasz Niedzwiecki & Michał Czerep & Marcin Baranowski & Christian Aragon-Briceño & Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz & Amit Arora & Przemysław Seruga & Mate, 2023. "Hydrothermal Carbonisation as Treatment for Effective Moisture Removal from Digestate—Mechanical Dewatering, Flashing-Off, and Condensates’ Processing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-9, July.
    3. Magdziarz, Aneta & Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata & Sieradzka, Małgorzata & Aragon-Briceño, Christian & Pożarlik, Artur & Bramer, Eddy A. & Brem, Gerrit & Niedzwiecki, Łukasz & Pawlak-Kruczek, Halina, 2021. "Multiphase analysis of hydrochars obtained by anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste organic fraction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 108-118.
    4. Urbanowska, Agnieszka & Niedzwiecki, Lukasz & Wnukowski, Mateusz & Aragon-Briceño, Christian & Kabsch-Korbutowicz, Małgorzata & Baranowski, Marcin & Czerep, Michał & Seruga, Przemysław & Pawlak-Krucze, 2023. "Recovery of chemical energy from retentates from cascade membrane filtration of hydrothermal carbonisation effluent," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    5. Tomasz Hardy & Amit Arora & Halina Pawlak-Kruczek & Wojciech Rafajłowicz & Jerzy Wietrzych & Łukasz Niedźwiecki & Vishwajeet & Krzysztof Mościcki, 2021. "Non-Destructive Diagnostic Methods for Fire-Side Corrosion Risk Assessment of Industrial Scale Boilers, Burning Low Quality Solid Biofuels—A Mini Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-15, November.
    6. Tiago Teribele & Maria Elizabeth Gemaque Costa & Conceição de Maria Sales da Silva & Lia Martins Pereira & Lucas Pinto Bernar & Douglas Alberto Rocha de Castro & Fernanda Paula da Costa Assunção & Mar, 2023. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Corn Stover: Structural Evolution of Hydro-Char and Degradation Kinetics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-22, April.
    7. Mateusz Jackowski & Lukasz Niedzwiecki & Magdalena Lech & Mateusz Wnukowski & Amit Arora & Monika Tkaczuk-Serafin & Marcin Baranowski & Krystian Krochmalny & Vivek K. Veetil & Przemysław Seruga & Anna, 2020. "HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-20, April.
    8. Krystian Krochmalny & Halina Pawlak-Kruczek & Norbert Skoczylas & Mateusz Kudasik & Aleksandra Gajda & Renata Gnatowska & Monika Serafin-Tkaczuk & Tomasz Czapka & Amit K. Jaiswal & Vishwajeet & Amit A, 2022. "Use of Hydrothermal Carbonization and Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Surface Modification of Brewer’s Spent Grain and Activated Carbon," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-11, June.
    9. Pietro Romano & Nicola Stampone & Gabriele Di Giacomo, 2023. "Evolution and Prospects of Hydrothermal Carbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-11, March.
    10. Aragón-Briceño, C.I. & Pozarlik, A.K. & Bramer, E.A. & Niedzwiecki, Lukasz & Pawlak-Kruczek, H. & Brem, G., 2021. "Hydrothermal carbonization of wet biomass from nitrogen and phosphorus approach: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 401-415.
    11. Wądrzyk, Mariusz & Korzeniowski, Łukasz & Plata, Marek & Janus, Rafał & Lewandowski, Marek & Michalik, Marek & Magdziarz, Aneta, 2023. "Pyrolysis of hydrochars obtained from blackcurrant pomace in single and binary solvent systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 383-394.
    12. M. Toufiq Reza, 2022. "Hydrothermal Carbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-3, July.
    13. Aaron E. Brown & Jessica M. M. Adams & Oliver R. Grasham & Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero & Andrew B. Ross, 2020. "An Assessment of Different Integration Strategies of Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-26, November.
    14. Jaime E. Borbolla-Gaxiola & Andrew B. Ross & Valerie Dupont, 2022. "Multi-Variate and Multi-Response Analysis of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Food Waste: Hydrochar Composition and Solid Fuel Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-19, July.
    15. Gregor Sailer & Julian Comi & Florian Empl & Martin Silberhorn & Valeska Heymann & Monika Bosilj & Siham Ouardi & Stefan Pelz & Joachim Müller, 2022. "Hydrothermal Treatment of Residual Forest Wood (Softwood) and Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion—Influence of Temperature and Holding Time on the Characteristics of the Solid and Liquid Products," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, May.
    16. Gabriel Gerner & Luca Meyer & Rahel Wanner & Thomas Keller & Rolf Krebs, 2021. "Sewage Sludge Treatment by Hydrothermal Carbonization: Feasibility Study for Sustainable Nutrient Recovery and Fuel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-12, May.
    17. Manfredi Picciotto Maniscalco & Maurizio Volpe & Antonio Messineo, 2020. "Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Valuable Tool for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-26, August.
    18. Sarrion, A. & Ipiales, R.P. & de la Rubia, M.A. & Mohedano, A.F. & Diaz, E., 2023. "Chicken meat and bone meal valorization by hydrothermal treatment and anaerobic digestion: Biofuel production and nutrient recovery," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 652-660.
    19. Barbara Mendecka & Giovanni Di Ilio & Lidia Lombardi, 2020. "Thermo-Fluid Dynamic and Kinetic Modeling of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Olive Pomace in a Batch Reactor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-16, August.
    20. Wang, Ruikun & Liu, Senyang & Xue, Qiao & Lin, Kai & Yin, Qianqian & Zhao, Zhenghui, 2022. "Analysis and prediction of characteristics for solid product obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass components," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 575-585.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4752-:d:608650. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.