IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i12p3703-d579022.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Author

Listed:
  • Ming-Chien Hsiao

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71070, Taiwan
    Green Energy Technology Research Center, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71070, Taiwan)

  • Wei-Ting Lin

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71070, Taiwan)

  • Wei-Cheng Chiu

    (Green Energy Technology Research Center, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71070, Taiwan)

  • Shuhn-Shyurng Hou

    (Green Energy Technology Research Center, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71070, Taiwan
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71070, Taiwan)

Abstract

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

Suggested Citation

  • Ming-Chien Hsiao & Wei-Ting Lin & Wei-Cheng Chiu & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2021. "Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:12:p:3703-:d:579022
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3703/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3703/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Suresh, T. & Sivarajasekar, N. & Balasubramani, K., 2021. "Enhanced ultrasonic assisted biodiesel production from meat industry waste (pig tallow) using green copper oxide nanocatalyst: Comparison of response surface and neural network modelling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 897-907.
    2. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Jui-Yang Kuo & Pei-Hsuan Hsieh & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2018. "Improving Biodiesel Conversions from Blends of High- and Low-Acid-Value Waste Cooking Oils Using Sodium Methoxide as a Catalyst Based on a High Speed Homogenizer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Lin, Cherng-Yuan & Lu, Cherie, 2021. "Development perspectives of promising lignocellulose feedstocks for production of advanced generation biofuels: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    4. Seyyedeh Faezeh Mirab Haghighi & Payam Parvasi & Seyyed Mohammad Jokar & Angelo Basile, 2021. "Investigating the Effects of Ultrasonic Frequency and Membrane Technology on Biodiesel Production from Chicken Waste," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-21, April.
    5. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Li-Wen Chang & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2019. "Study of Solid Calcium Diglyceroxide for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using a High Speed Homogenizer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-11, August.
    6. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Peir-Horng Liao & Nguyen Vu Lan & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2021. "Enhancement of Biodiesel Production from High-Acid-Value Waste Cooking Oil via a Microwave Reactor Using a Homogeneous Alkaline Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-11, January.
    7. Keskin, Ahmet, 2018. "Two-step methyl ester production and characterization from the broiler rendering fat: The optimization of the first step," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 216-224.
    8. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou & Jui-Yang Kuo & Pei-Hsuan Hsieh, 2018. "Optimized Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel Using Calcium Methoxide as Catalyst under Homogenizer System Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-12, October.
    9. Haseeb Yaqoob & Yew Heng Teoh & Farooq Sher & Muhammad Umer Farooq & Muhammad Ahmad Jamil & Zareena Kausar & Noor Us Sabah & Muhammad Faizan Shah & Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman & Atiq Ur Rehman, 2021. "Potential of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Renewable Fuel in Combustion Engines: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-20, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Oza, Suvik & Kodgire, Pravin & Kachhwaha, Surendra Singh & Lam, Man Kee & Yusup, Suzana & Chai, Yee Ho & Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala, 2024. "A review on sustainable and scalable biodiesel production using ultra-sonication technology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    2. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Peir-Horng Liao & Kuo-Chou Yang & Nguyen Vu Lan & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2022. "Enhanced Biodiesel Synthesis via a Homogenizer-Assisted Two-Stage Conversion Process Using Waste Edible Oil as Feedstock," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-15, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Peir-Horng Liao & Kuo-Chou Yang & Nguyen Vu Lan & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2022. "Enhanced Biodiesel Synthesis via a Homogenizer-Assisted Two-Stage Conversion Process Using Waste Edible Oil as Feedstock," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Peir-Horng Liao & Nguyen Vu Lan & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2021. "Enhancement of Biodiesel Production from High-Acid-Value Waste Cooking Oil via a Microwave Reactor Using a Homogeneous Alkaline Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-11, January.
    3. Omar Aboelazayem & Mamdouh Gadalla & Basudeb Saha, 2022. "Comprehensive Optimisation of Biodiesel Production Conditions via Supercritical Methanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-22, May.
    4. Marina Corral Bobadilla & Roberto Fernández Martínez & Rubén Lostado Lorza & Fátima Somovilla Gómez & Eliseo P. Vergara González, 2018. "Optimizing Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Genetic Algorithm-Based Support Vector Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-19, November.
    5. Sri Kurniati & Sudjito Soeparman & Sudarminto Setyo Yuwono & Lukman Hakim & Sudirman Syam, 2019. "A Novel Process for Production of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel with Electromagnetic Induction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, January.
    6. Can, Özer & Baklacioglu, Tolga & Özturk, Erkan & Turan, Onder, 2022. "Artificial neural networks modeling of combustion parameters for a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    7. Vasilakou, K. & Nimmegeers, P. & Billen, P. & Van Passel, S., 2023. "Geospatial environmental techno-economic assessment of pretreatment technologies for bioethanol production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    8. Cédric Decarpigny & Abdulhadi Aljawish & Cédric His & Bertrand Fertin & Muriel Bigan & Pascal Dhulster & Michel Millares & Rénato Froidevaux, 2022. "Bioprocesses for the Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils and Valorization of Glycerol," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-30, May.
    9. Gurunathan Manikandan & P. Rajesh Kanna & Dawid Taler & Tomasz Sobota, 2023. "Review of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as a Feedstock for Biofuel—Indian Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-17, February.
    10. Elgharbawy, Abdallah S. & Ali, Rehab M., 2022. "Techno-economic assessment of the biodiesel production using natural minerals rocks as a heterogeneous catalyst via conventional and ultrasonic techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 161-175.
    11. Guiyan Zang & Jianan Zhang & Junxi Jia & Nathaniel Weger & Albert Ratner, 2019. "Clean Poultry Energy System Design Based on Biomass Gasification Technology: Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-18, November.
    12. Chao Jin & Juntong Dong & Chenyun Ding & Jingjing Hu & Zhenlong Geng & Xiaodan Li & Teng Xu & Guolong Zang & Haifeng Liu, 2024. "Effect of Different Preparation Methods on the Stability of Low-Carbon Alcohol Blended Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-13, June.
    13. Deeba, Farha & Kumar, Bijender & Arora, Neha & Singh, Sauraj & Kumar, Anuj & Han, Sung Soo & Negi, Yuvraj S., 2020. "Novel bio-based solid acid catalyst derived from waste yeast residue for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 127-139.
    14. Omojola Awogbemi & Daramy Vandi Von Kallon & Emmanuel Idoko Onuh & Victor Sunday Aigbodion, 2021. "An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-43, September.
    15. Maleki, Basir & Esmaeili, Hossein, 2023. "Ultrasound-assisted conversion of waste frying oil into biodiesel using Al-doped ZnO nanocatalyst: Box-Behnken design-based optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 10-26.
    16. Ming-Chien Hsiao & Shuhn-Shyurng Hou & Jui-Yang Kuo & Pei-Hsuan Hsieh, 2018. "Optimized Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel Using Calcium Methoxide as Catalyst under Homogenizer System Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-12, October.
    17. Maleki, Basir & Ashraf Talesh, S. Siamak, 2022. "Optimization of ZnO incorporation to αFe2O3 nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for biodiesel production in a sonoreactor: Application on the CI engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 43-59.
    18. Oza, Suvik & Kodgire, Pravin & Kachhwaha, Surendra Singh & Lam, Man Kee & Yusup, Suzana & Chai, Yee Ho & Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala, 2024. "A review on sustainable and scalable biodiesel production using ultra-sonication technology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    19. Karol Tucki, 2021. "A Computer Tool for Modelling CO 2 Emissions in Driving Tests for Vehicles with Diesel Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-30, January.
    20. Maleki, Basir & Ashraf Talesh, S. Siamak, 2024. "Sustainable biodiesel production from wild oak (Quercus brantii Lindl) oil as a novel and potential feedstock via highly efficient Co@CuO nanocatalyst: RSM optimization and CI engine assessment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:12:p:3703-:d:579022. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.