IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i18p5687-d632471.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Omojola Awogbemi

    (Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway, Johannesburg 2008, South Africa)

  • Daramy Vandi Von Kallon

    (Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway, Johannesburg 2008, South Africa)

  • Emmanuel Idoko Onuh

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi 740231, Nigeria)

  • Victor Sunday Aigbodion

    (Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway, Johannesburg 2008, South Africa
    Africa Centre of Excellence, ACESPED University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria)

Abstract

Biofuel, a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally benign fuel produced from renewable sources, has been accepted as a sustainable replacement and a panacea for the damaging effects of the exploration for and consumption of fossil-based fuels. The current work examines the classification, generation, and utilization of biofuels, particularly in internal combustion engine (ICE) applications. Biofuels are classified according to their physical state, technology maturity, the generation of feedstock, and the generation of products. The methods of production and the advantages of the application of biogas, bioalcohol, and hydrogen in spark ignition engines, as well as biodiesel, Fischer–Tropsch fuel, and dimethyl ether in compression ignition engines, in terms of engine performance and emission are highlighted. The generation of biofuels from waste helps in waste minimization, proper waste disposal, and sanitation. The utilization of biofuels in ICEs improves engine performance and mitigates the emission of poisonous gases. There is a need for appropriate policy frameworks to promote commercial production and seamless deployment of these biofuels for transportation applications with a view to guaranteeing energy security.

Suggested Citation

  • Omojola Awogbemi & Daramy Vandi Von Kallon & Emmanuel Idoko Onuh & Victor Sunday Aigbodion, 2021. "An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-43, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5687-:d:632471
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5687/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5687/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Aditiya, H.B. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Chong, W.T. & Nur, Hadi & Sebayang, A.H., 2016. "Second generation bioethanol production: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 631-653.
    2. Kim, Yungjin & Kawahara, Nobuyuki & Tsuboi, Kazuya & Tomita, Eiji, 2016. "Combustion characteristics and NOX emissions of biogas fuels with various CO2 contents in a micro co-generation spark-ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 539-547.
    3. Martin Lisý & Hana Lisá & David Jecha & Marek Baláš & Peter Križan, 2020. "Characteristic Properties of Alternative Biomass Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-17, March.
    4. Lin, Cherng-Yuan & Lu, Cherie, 2021. "Development perspectives of promising lignocellulose feedstocks for production of advanced generation biofuels: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    5. Ajanovic, Amela, 2011. "Biofuels versus food production: Does biofuels production increase food prices?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 2070-2076.
    6. Akhlaghi, Shahin & Gedde, Ulf W. & Hedenqvist, Mikael S. & Braña, Maria T. Conde & Bellander, Martin, 2015. "Deterioration of automotive rubbers in liquid biofuels: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1238-1248.
    7. Noushabadi, Abolfazl Sajadi & Dashti, Amir & Raji, Mojtaba & Zarei, Alireza & Mohammadi, Amir H., 2020. "Estimation of cetane numbers of biodiesel and diesel oils using regression and PSO-ANFIS models," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 465-473.
    8. Dutta, Kasturi & Daverey, Achlesh & Lin, Jih-Gaw, 2014. "Evolution retrospective for alternative fuels: First to fourth generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 114-122.
    9. Veeramuthu Ashokkumar & Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai, 2021. "Potential of Microalgal Biodiesel: Challenges and Applications," Chapters, in: Tolga Taner & Archana Tiwari & Taha Selim Ustun (ed.), Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications, IntechOpen.
    10. Tacias-Pascacio, Veymar G. & Torrestiana-Sánchez, Beatriz & Dal Magro, Lucas & Virgen-Ortíz, Jose J. & Suárez-Ruíz, Francisco J. & Rodrigues, Rafael C. & Fernandez-Lafuente, Roberto, 2019. "Comparison of acid, basic and enzymatic catalysis on the production of biodiesel after RSM optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 1-9.
    11. Topcu, Mert & Tugcu, Can Tansel, 2020. "The impact of renewable energy consumption on income inequality: Evidence from developed countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 1134-1140.
    12. Littlewood, Jade & Murphy, Richard J. & Wang, Lei, 2013. "Importance of policy support and feedstock prices on economic feasibility of bioethanol production from wheat straw in the UK," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 291-300.
    13. Shamurad, Burhan & Sallis, Paul & Petropoulos, Evangelos & Tabraiz, Shamas & Ospina, Carolina & Leary, Peter & Dolfing, Jan & Gray, Neil, 2020. "Stable biogas production from single-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    14. Al Hatrooshi, Ahmed Said & Eze, Valentine C. & Harvey, Adam P., 2020. "Production of biodiesel from waste shark liver oil for biofuel applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 99-105.
    15. Rosha, Pali & Mohapatra, Saroj Kumar & Mahla, Sunil Kumar & Cho, HaengMuk & Chauhan, Bhupendra Singh & Dhir, Amit, 2019. "Effect of compression ratio on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine fueled with palm (B20) biodiesel blend," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 676-684.
    16. Joshi, Girdhar & Pandey, Jitendra K. & Rana, Sravendra & Rawat, Devendra S., 2017. "Challenges and opportunities for the application of biofuel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 850-866.
    17. Ndiaye, Mbalo & Arhaliass, Abdellah & Legrand, Jack & Roelens, Guillaume & Kerihuel, Anthony, 2020. "Reuse of waste animal fat in biodiesel: Biorefining heavily-degraded contaminant-rich waste animal fat and formulation as diesel fuel additive," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 1073-1079.
    18. Kan, Xiang & Zhou, Dezhi & Yang, Wenming & Zhai, Xiaoqiang & Wang, Chi-Hwa, 2018. "An investigation on utilization of biogas and syngas produced from biomass waste in premixed spark ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 210-222.
    19. Hirner, Felix Sebastian & Hwang, Joonsik & Bae, Choongsik & Patel, Chetankumar & Gupta, Tarun & Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, 2019. "Performance and emission evaluation of a small-bore biodiesel compression-ignition engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 971-982.
    20. Fasahati, Peyman & Liu, J. Jay & Ohlrogge, John B. & Saffron, Christopher M., 2019. "Process design and economics for production of advanced biofuels from genetically modified lipid-producing sorghum," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1459-1470.
    21. Zabed, H. & Sahu, J.N. & Suely, A. & Boyce, A.N. & Faruq, G., 2017. "Bioethanol production from renewable sources: Current perspectives and technological progress," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 475-501.
    22. Nirmala, N. & Dawn, S.S. & Harindra, C., 2020. "Analysis of performance and emission characteristics of Waste cooking oil and Chlorella variabilis MK039712.1 biodiesel blends in a single cylinder, four strokes diesel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 284-292.
    23. Noraini, M.Y. & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Badrul, Mohamed Jan & Chong, W.T., 2014. "A review on potential enzymatic reaction for biofuel production from algae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 24-34.
    24. Franziska Schuenemann & William A. Kerr, 2019. "European Union non-tariff barriers to imports of African biofuels," Agrekon, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(4), pages 407-425, October.
    25. Guo, Mingxin & Song, Weiping & Buhain, Jeremy, 2015. "Bioenergy and biofuels: History, status, and perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 712-725.
    26. Bibi, Riaz & Ahmad, Zulfiqar & Imran, Muhammad & Hussain, Sabir & Ditta, Allah & Mahmood, Shahid & Khalid, Azeem, 2017. "Algal bioethanol production technology: A trend towards sustainable development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 976-985.
    27. Liu, Haoye & Wang, Zhi & Zhang, Jun & Wang, Jianxin & Shuai, Shijin, 2017. "Study on combustion and emission characteristics of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers/diesel blends in light-duty and heavy-duty diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1393-1402.
    28. Chandran, Davannendran, 2020. "Compatibility of diesel engine materials with biodiesel fuel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 89-99.
    29. Li, Xin & Luo, Xingyi & Jin, Yangbin & Li, Jinyan & Zhang, Hongdan & Zhang, Aiping & Xie, Jun, 2018. "Heterogeneous sulfur-free hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for selectively upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second generation biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3762-3797.
    30. Baskar, G. & Aiswarya, R., 2016. "Trends in catalytic production of biodiesel from various feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 496-504.
    31. Doshi, Amar & Pascoe, Sean & Coglan, Louisa & Rainey, Thomas J., 2016. "Economic and policy issues in the production of algae-based biofuels: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 329-337.
    32. Mansir, Nasar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Rashid, Umer & Saiman, Mohd Izham & Tan, Yen Ping & Alsultan, G. Abdulkareem & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2018. "Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil. A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3645-3655.
    33. Naik, S.N. & Goud, Vaibhav V. & Rout, Prasant K. & Dalai, Ajay K., 2010. "Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 578-597, February.
    34. Saladini, Fabrizio & Patrizi, Nicoletta & Pulselli, Federico M. & Marchettini, Nadia & Bastianoni, Simone, 2016. "Guidelines for emergy evaluation of first, second and third generation biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 221-227.
    35. Sharma, Sunita & Ghoshal, Sib Krishna, 2015. "Hydrogen the future transportation fuel: From production to applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1151-1158.
    36. Yaghoubi, Jafar & Yazdanpanah, Masoud & Komendantova, Nadejda, 2019. "Iranian agriculture advisors' perception and intention toward biofuel: Green way toward energy security, rural development and climate change mitigation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 452-459.
    37. Mandley, S.J. & Daioglou, V. & Junginger, H.M. & van Vuuren, D.P. & Wicke, B., 2020. "EU bioenergy development to 2050," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    38. Jorge Martins & F. P. Brito, 2020. "Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-34, August.
    39. Hotta, Santosh Kumar & Sahoo, Niranjan & Mohanty, Kaustubha, 2019. "Comparative assessment of a spark ignition engine fueled with gasoline and raw biogas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 1307-1319.
    40. Kumar, Kanhaiya & Ghosh, Supratim & Angelidaki, Irini & Holdt, Susan L. & Karakashev, Dimitar B. & Morales, Merlin Alvarado & Das, Debabrata, 2016. "Recent developments on biofuels production from microalgae and macroalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 235-249.
    41. Alaswad, A. & Dassisti, M. & Prescott, T. & Olabi, A.G., 2015. "Technologies and developments of third generation biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1446-1460.
    42. Bongartz, Dominik & Doré, Larissa & Eichler, Katharina & Grube, Thomas & Heuser, Benedikt & Hombach, Laura E. & Robinius, Martin & Pischinger, Stefan & Stolten, Detlef & Walther, Grit & Mitsos, Alexan, 2018. "Comparison of light-duty transportation fuels produced from renewable hydrogen and green carbon dioxide," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 757-767.
    43. Raheem, Abdul & Wan Azlina, W.A.K.G. & Taufiq Yap, Y.H. & Danquah, Michael K. & Harun, Razif, 2015. "Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 990-999.
    44. Abdullah, Bawadi & Syed Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua’ad & Shokravi, Zahra & Ismail, Shahrul & Kassim, Khairul Anuar & Mahmood, Azmi Nik & Aziz, Md Maniruzzaman A., 2019. "Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 37-50.
    45. Qureshy, Ali M.M.I. & Dincer, Ibrahim, 2020. "Energy and exergy analyses of an integrated renewable energy system for hydrogen production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    46. Morato, Teresa & Vaezi, Mahdi & Kumar, Amit, 2019. "Assessment of energy production potential from agricultural residues in Bolivia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 14-23.
    47. Nguyen, Kim Hanh & Kakinaka, Makoto, 2019. "Renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and development stages: Some evidence from panel cointegration analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1049-1057.
    48. Yin, Xiulian & Ma, Haile & You, Qinghong & Wang, Zhenbin & Chang, Jinke, 2012. "Comparison of four different enhancing methods for preparing biodiesel through transesterification of sunflower oil," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 320-325.
    49. Duan, Xiongbo & Li, Yangyang & Liu, Jingping & Guo, Genmiao & Fu, Jianqin & Zhang, Quanchang & Zhang, Shiheng & Liu, Weiqiang, 2019. "Experimental study the effects of various compression ratios and spark timing on performance and emission of a lean-burn heavy-duty spark ignition engine fueled with methane gas and hydrogen blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 558-571.
    50. Verma, Puneet & Sharma, M.P., 2016. "Review of process parameters for biodiesel production from different feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1063-1071.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Omojola Awogbemi & Daramy Vandi Von Kallon & Kazeem Aderemi Bello, 2022. "Resource Recycling with the Aim of Achieving Zero-Waste Manufacturing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Lisandra Rocha-Meneses & Mario Luna-delRisco & Carlos Arrieta González & Sebastián Villegas Moncada & Andrés Moreno & Jorge Sierra-Del Rio & Luis E. Castillo-Meza, 2023. "An Overview of the Socio-Economic, Technological, and Environmental Opportunities and Challenges for Renewable Energy Generation from Residual Biomass: A Case Study of Biogas Production in Colombia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-20, August.
    3. Josipa Pavičić & Karolina Novak Mavar & Vladislav Brkić & Katarina Simon, 2022. "Biogas and Biomethane Production and Usage: Technology Development, Advantages and Challenges in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-28, April.
    4. Rocio Camarena-Martinez & Rocio A. Lizarraga-Morales & Roberto Baeza-Serrato, 2021. "Classification of Geomembranes as Raw Material for Defects Reduction in the Manufacture of Biodigesters Using an Artificial Neuronal Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-13, November.
    5. Lucas Reijnders, 2022. "Defining and Operationalizing Sustainability in the Context of Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-9, July.
    6. Magdalena Kapłan & Kamila Klimek & Grzegorz Maj & Dmytro Zhuravel & Andrii Bondar & Viktoriia Lemeshchenko-Lagoda & Boris Boltianskyi & Larysa Boltianska & Hanna Syrotyuk & Serhiy Syrotyuk & Ryszard K, 2022. "Method of Evaluation of Materials Wear of Cylinder-Piston Group of Diesel Engines in the Biodiesel Fuel Environment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-28, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Osman, Ahmed I. & Qasim, Umair & Jamil, Farrukh & Al-Muhtaseb, Ala'a H. & Jrai, Ahmad Abu & Al-Riyami, Mohammed & Al-Maawali, Suhaib & Al-Haj, Lamya & Al-Hinai, Amer & Al-Abri, Mohammed & Inayat, Abra, 2021. "Bioethanol and biodiesel: Bibliometric mapping, policies and future needs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    2. Marwa G. Saad & Noura S. Dosoky & Mohamed S. Zoromba & Hesham M. Shafik, 2019. "Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-22, May.
    3. Londoño-Pulgarin, Diana & Cardona-Montoya, Giovanny & Restrepo, Juan C. & Muñoz-Leiva, Francisco, 2021. "Fossil or bioenergy? Global fuel market trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    4. Li, Xin & Luo, Xingyi & Jin, Yangbin & Li, Jinyan & Zhang, Hongdan & Zhang, Aiping & Xie, Jun, 2018. "Heterogeneous sulfur-free hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for selectively upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second generation biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3762-3797.
    5. Alizadeh, Reza & Lund, Peter D. & Soltanisehat, Leili, 2020. "Outlook on biofuels in future studies: A systematic literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    6. Goh, Brandon Han Hoe & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Cheah, Mei Yee & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Yu, Kai Ling & Mahlia, Teuku Meurah Indra, 2019. "Sustainability of direct biodiesel synthesis from microalgae biomass: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 59-74.
    7. Dariusz Kurczyński & Grzegorz Wcisło & Piotr Łagowski, 2021. "Experimental Study of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Composition of a Diesel Engine Powered by Biodiesel from Waste of Animal Origin," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-22, June.
    8. Enagi, Ibrahim I. & Al-attab, K.A. & Zainal, Z.A., 2018. "Liquid biofuels utilization for gas turbines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 43-55.
    9. Jambo, Siti Azmah & Abdulla, Rahmath & Mohd Azhar, Siti Hajar & Marbawi, Hartinie & Gansau, Jualang Azlan & Ravindra, Pogaku, 2016. "A review on third generation bioethanol feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 756-769.
    10. Monteiro, Rodolpho R.C. & Arana-Peña, Sara & da Rocha, Thays N. & Miranda, Letícia P. & Berenguer-Murcia, Ángel & Tardioli, Paulo W. & dos Santos, José C.S. & Fernandez-Lafuente, Roberto, 2021. "Liquid lipase preparations designed for industrial production of biodiesel. Is it really an optimal solution?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1566-1587.
    11. Sudhakar, K. & Mamat, R. & Samykano, M. & Azmi, W.H. & Ishak, W.F.W. & Yusaf, Talal, 2018. "An overview of marine macroalgae as bioresource," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 165-179.
    12. Zabed, Hossain M. & Akter, Suely & Yun, Junhua & Zhang, Guoyan & Awad, Faisal N. & Qi, Xianghui & Sahu, J.N., 2019. "Recent advances in biological pretreatment of microalgae and lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 105-128.
    13. Azizi, Kolsoom & Keshavarz Moraveji, Mostafa & Abedini Najafabadi, Hamed, 2018. "A review on bio-fuel production from microalgal biomass by using pyrolysis method," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3046-3059.
    14. Jesús Andrés Tavizón-Pozos & Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel & Víctor Alejandro Suárez-Toriello & Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas & Oscar Abel Luévano-Rivas & Omar Uriel Valdés-Martínez & Alfonso Talavera-Ló, 2021. "State of Art of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides Catalysts Used in the Transesterification of Oils for Biodiesel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-24, February.
    15. Muhamed Rasit Atelge & Halil Senol & Mohammed Djaafri & Tulin Avci Hansu & David Krisa & Abdulaziz Atabani & Cigdem Eskicioglu & Hamdi Muratçobanoğlu & Sebahattin Unalan & Slimane Kalloum & Nuri Azbar, 2021. "A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-39, October.
    16. Sikiru, Surajudeen & Abioye, Kunmi Joshua & Adedayo, Habeeb Bolaji & Adebukola, Sikiru Yesirat & Soleimani, Hassan & Anar, M., 2024. "Technology projection in biofuel production using agricultural waste materials as a source of energy sustainability: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    17. Duan, Yibing & He, Zhixia & Zhang, Bo & Wang, Bin & Zhang, Feiyang, 2022. "Synergistic effect of hydrothermal co-liquefaction of Camellia oleifera Abel and Spirulina platensis: Parameters optimization and product characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 26-34.
    18. Adeniyi, Oladapo Martins & Azimov, Ulugbek & Burluka, Alexey, 2018. "Algae biofuel: Current status and future applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 316-335.
    19. Raud, M. & Kikas, T. & Sippula, O. & Shurpali, N.J., 2019. "Potentials and challenges in lignocellulosic biofuel production technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 44-56.
    20. Jagtap, Sharad P. & Pawar, Anand N. & Lahane, Subhash, 2020. "Improving the usability of biodiesel blend in low heat rejection diesel engine through combustion, performance and emission analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 628-644.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5687-:d:632471. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.