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Towards Flexibility Trading at TSO-DSO-Customer Levels: A Review

Author

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  • Hosna Khajeh

    (School of Innovations and Technology, Electrical Engineering, University of Vaasa, 65200 Vaasa, Finland)

  • Hannu Laaksonen

    (School of Innovations and Technology, Electrical Engineering, University of Vaasa, 65200 Vaasa, Finland)

  • Amin Shokri Gazafroudi

    (Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany)

  • Miadreza Shafie-khah

    (School of Innovations and Technology, Electrical Engineering, University of Vaasa, 65200 Vaasa, Finland)

Abstract

The serious problem of climate change has led the energy sector to modify its generation resources from fuel-based power plants to environmentally friendly renewable resources. However, these green resources are highly intermittent due to weather dependency and they produce increased risks of stability issues in power systems. The deployment of different flexible resources can help the system to become more resilient and secure against uncertainties caused by renewables. Flexible resources can be located at different levels in power systems like, for example, at the transmission-level (TSO), distribution-level (DSO) and customer-level. Each of these levels may have different structures of flexibility trading as well. This paper conducts a comprehensive review from the recent research related to flexible resources at various system levels in smart grids and assesses the trading structures of these resources. Finally, it analyzes the application of a newly emerged ICT technology, blockchain, in the context of flexibility trading.

Suggested Citation

  • Hosna Khajeh & Hannu Laaksonen & Amin Shokri Gazafroudi & Miadreza Shafie-khah, 2019. "Towards Flexibility Trading at TSO-DSO-Customer Levels: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2019:i:1:p:165-:d:303191
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Bhargav Appasani & Sunil Kumar Mishra & Amitkumar V. Jha & Santosh Kumar Mishra & Florentina Magda Enescu & Ioan Sorin Sorlei & Fernando Georgel Bîrleanu & Noureddine Takorabet & Phatiphat Thounthong , 2022. "Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grid Applications: Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-33, July.
    5. Muhammad Waseem & Muhammad Adnan Khan & Arman Goudarzi & Shah Fahad & Intisar Ali Sajjad & Pierluigi Siano, 2023. "Incorporation of Blockchain Technology for Different Smart Grid Applications: Architecture, Prospects, and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-29, January.
    6. Hamzah Khan & Tariq Masood, 2022. "Impact of Blockchain Technology on Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-27, September.

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