IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i14p8801-d865717.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grid Applications: Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions

Author

Listed:
  • Bhargav Appasani

    (School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India)

  • Sunil Kumar Mishra

    (School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India)

  • Amitkumar V. Jha

    (School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India)

  • Santosh Kumar Mishra

    (School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India)

  • Florentina Magda Enescu

    (Faculty of Electronics, Communication and Computers, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania)

  • Ioan Sorin Sorlei

    (ICSI Energy, National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania)

  • Fernando Georgel Bîrleanu

    (Doctoral School, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street no. 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Noureddine Takorabet

    (Group of Research in Electrical Engineering of Nancy (GREEN), University of Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54518 Vandeuvre lès Nancy, CEDEX, F-54000 Nancy, France)

  • Phatiphat Thounthong

    (Group of Research in Electrical Engineering of Nancy (GREEN), University of Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54518 Vandeuvre lès Nancy, CEDEX, F-54000 Nancy, France
    Renewable Energy Research Centre (RERC), Department of Teacher Training in Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Education, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand)

  • Nicu Bizon

    (Faculty of Electronics, Communication and Computers, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania
    ICSI Energy, National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
    Doctoral School, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street no. 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania)

Abstract

The conventional electrical grid is undergoing substantial growth for reliable grid operation and for more efficient and sustainable energy use. The traditional grid is now metamorphosing into a smart grid (SG) that incorporates a diverse, heterogeneous blend of operating measures such as smart appliances, meters, and renewable energy resources. With better efficient results and dependability, the SG can be described as a modern electric power grid architecture. The SG is one of the greatest potential advances as a promising solution for the energy crisis. However, it is complex and its decentralization could be of tremendous benefit. Moreover, digitalization and integration of a large number of growing connections make it a target of cyber-attacks. In this sense, blockchain is a promising SG paradigm solution that offers several excellent features. There has been considerable effort put into using blockchains in the smart grid for its decentralization and enhanced cybersecurity; however, it has not been thoroughly studied in both application and architectural perspectives. An in-depth study was conducted on blockchain-enabled SG applications. Blockchain architectures for various applications, such as the synchrophasor applications, electric vehicles, energy management systems, etc., were proposed. The purpose of this article is to provide directions for future research efforts aimed at secure and decentralized SG applications using blockchain.

Suggested Citation

  • Bhargav Appasani & Sunil Kumar Mishra & Amitkumar V. Jha & Santosh Kumar Mishra & Florentina Magda Enescu & Ioan Sorin Sorlei & Fernando Georgel Bîrleanu & Noureddine Takorabet & Phatiphat Thounthong , 2022. "Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grid Applications: Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-33, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:14:p:8801-:d:865717
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/14/8801/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/14/8801/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gschwendtner, Christine & Sinsel, Simon R. & Stephan, Annegret, 2021. "Vehicle-to-X (V2X) implementation: An overview of predominate trial configurations and technical, social and regulatory challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    2. Yang, Qing & Wang, Hao & Wang, Taotao & Zhang, Shengli & Wu, Xiaoxiao & Wang, Hui, 2021. "Blockchain-based decentralized energy management platform for residential distributed energy resources in a virtual power plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    3. Gourisetti, Sri Nikhil Gupta & Sebastian-Cardenas, D. Jonathan & Bhattarai, Bishnu & Wang, Peng & Widergren, Steve & Borkum, Mark & Randall, Alysha, 2021. "Blockchain smart contract reference framework and program logic architecture for transactive energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    4. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    5. Amitkumar V. Jha & Bhargav Appasani & Abu Nasar Ghazali & Nicu Bizon, 2021. "A Comprehensive Risk Assessment Framework for Synchrophasor Communication Networks in a Smart Grid Cyber Physical System with a Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-20, June.
    6. Adamu Sani Yahaya & Nadeem Javaid & Fahad A. Alzahrani & Amjad Rehman & Ibrar Ullah & Affaf Shahid & Muhammad Shafiq, 2020. "Blockchain Based Sustainable Local Energy Trading Considering Home Energy Management and Demurrage Mechanism," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-28, April.
    7. Hosna Khajeh & Hannu Laaksonen & Amin Shokri Gazafroudi & Miadreza Shafie-khah, 2019. "Towards Flexibility Trading at TSO-DSO-Customer Levels: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-19, December.
    8. Moamin A. Mahmoud & Naziffa Raha Md Nasir & Mathuri Gurunathan & Preveena Raj & Salama A. Mostafa, 2021. "The Current State of the Art in Research on Predictive Maintenance in Smart Grid Distribution Network: Fault’s Types, Causes, and Prediction Methods—A Systematic Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-27, August.
    9. Florentina Magda Enescu & Nicu Bizon & Adrian Onu & Maria Simona Răboacă & Phatiphat Thounthong & Alin Gheorghita Mazare & Gheorghe Șerban, 2020. "Implementing Blockchain Technology in Irrigation Systems That Integrate Photovoltaic Energy Generation Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-30, February.
    10. Marina Dorokhova & Jérémie Vianin & Jean-Marie Alder & Christophe Ballif & Nicolas Wyrsch & David Wannier, 2021. "A Blockchain-Supported Framework for Charging Management of Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-32, November.
    11. Maria Simona Raboaca & Nicu Bizon & Catalin Trufin & Florentina Magda Enescu, 2020. "Efficient and Secure Strategy for Energy Systems of Interconnected Farmers′ Associations to Meet Variable Energy Demand," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-30, December.
    12. Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar & Aneesh A. Chand & Maria Malvoni & Kushal A. Prasad & Kabir A. Mamun & F.R. Islam & Shauhrat S. Chopra, 2020. "Distributed Energy Resources and the Application of AI, IoT, and Blockchain in Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-42, November.
    13. Yildizbasi, Abdullah, 2021. "Blockchain and renewable energy: Integration challenges in circular economy era," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 183-197.
    14. van Leeuwen, Gijs & AlSkaif, Tarek & Gibescu, Madeleine & van Sark, Wilfried, 2020. "An integrated blockchain-based energy management platform with bilateral trading for microgrid communities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    15. Juhar Abdella & Khaled Shuaib, 2018. "Peer to Peer Distributed Energy Trading in Smart Grids: A Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    16. Yang, Jiawei & Paudel, Amrit & Gooi, Hoay Beng & Nguyen, Hung Dinh, 2021. "A Proof-of-Stake public blockchain based pricing scheme for peer-to-peer energy trading," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    17. Ritika Raj Krishna & Aanchal Priyadarshini & Amitkumar V. Jha & Bhargav Appasani & Avireni Srinivasulu & Nicu Bizon, 2021. "State-of-the-Art Review on IoT Threats and Attacks: Taxonomy, Challenges and Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-46, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Sagar Hossain & Md. Rokonuzzaman & Kazi Sajedur Rahman & A. K. M. Ahasan Habib & Wen-Shan Tan & Md Mahmud & Shahariar Chowdhury & Sittiporn Channumsin, 2023. "Grid-Vehicle-Grid (G2V2G) Efficient Power Transmission: An Overview of Concept, Operations, Benefits, Concerns, and Future Challenges," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-24, March.
    2. Felipe Condon & Patricia Franco & José M. Martínez & Ali M. Eltamaly & Young-Chon Kim & Mohamed A. Ahmed, 2023. "EnergyAuction: IoT-Blockchain Architecture for Local Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in a Microgrid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-28, September.
    3. Bo Wei & Wenfei Liu & Chong Shao & Yong Yang & Yanbing Su & Zhaoyuan Wu, 2023. "Energy Storage Sharing for Multiple Services Provision: A Computable Combinatorial Auction Design," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-19, August.
    4. Florentina Magda Enescu & Fernando Georgel Birleanu & Maria Simona Raboaca & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2022. "A Review of the Public Transport Services Based on the Blockchain Technology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-34, October.
    5. Vinay Simha Reddy Tappeta & Bhargav Appasani & Suprava Patnaik & Taha Selim Ustun, 2022. "A Review on Emerging Communication and Computational Technologies for Increased Use of Plug-In Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-26, September.
    6. Muhammad Waseem & Muhammad Adnan Khan & Arman Goudarzi & Shah Fahad & Intisar Ali Sajjad & Pierluigi Siano, 2023. "Incorporation of Blockchain Technology for Different Smart Grid Applications: Architecture, Prospects, and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-29, January.
    7. Wenbing Zhao & Quan Qi & Jiong Zhou & Xiong Luo, 2023. "Blockchain-Based Applications for Smart Grids: An Umbrella Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-35, August.
    8. Tehseen Mazhar & Hafiz Muhammad Irfan & Sunawar Khan & Inayatul Haq & Inam Ullah & Muhammad Iqbal & Habib Hamam, 2023. "Analysis of Cyber Security Attacks and Its Solutions for the Smart grid Using Machine Learning and Blockchain Methods," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-37, February.
    9. Amitkumar V. Jha & Bhargav Appasani & Deepak Kumar Gupta & Bharati S. Ainapure & Nicu Bizon, 2023. "A Blockchain-Enabled Approach for Enhancing Synchrophasor Measurement in Smart Grid 3.0," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-20, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Muhammad Waseem & Muhammad Adnan Khan & Arman Goudarzi & Shah Fahad & Intisar Ali Sajjad & Pierluigi Siano, 2023. "Incorporation of Blockchain Technology for Different Smart Grid Applications: Architecture, Prospects, and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-29, January.
    2. Yan Liu & Chao Shang, 2022. "Application of Blockchain Technology in Agricultural Water Rights Trade Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-10, June.
    3. Alessandra Chiarini & Lorenzo Compagnucci, 2022. "Blockchain, Data Protection and P2P Energy Trading: A Review on Legal and Economic Challenges," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-20, December.
    4. Oskar Juszczyk & Khuram Shahzad, 2022. "Blockchain Technology for Renewable Energy: Principles, Applications and Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-24, June.
    5. Tsao, Yu-Chung & Thanh, Vo-Van, 2021. "Toward sustainable microgrids with blockchain technology-based peer-to-peer energy trading mechanism: A fuzzy meta-heuristic approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    6. Mousa Mohammed Khubrani & Shadab Alam, 2023. "Blockchain-Based Microgrid for Safe and Reliable Power Generation and Distribution: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-34, August.
    7. Gourisetti, Sri Nikhil Gupta & Sebastian-Cardenas, D. Jonathan & Bhattarai, Bishnu & Wang, Peng & Widergren, Steve & Borkum, Mark & Randall, Alysha, 2021. "Blockchain smart contract reference framework and program logic architecture for transactive energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    8. Yildizbasi, Abdullah, 2021. "Blockchain and renewable energy: Integration challenges in circular economy era," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 183-197.
    9. Daniele Menniti & Anna Pinnarelli & Nicola Sorrentino & Pasquale Vizza & Giuseppe Barone & Giovanni Brusco & Stefano Mendicino & Luca Mendicino & Gaetano Polizzi, 2022. "Enabling Technologies for Energy Communities: Some Experimental Use Cases," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-26, August.
    10. Uyikumhe Damisa & Peter Olabisi Oluseyi & Nnamdi Ikechi Nwulu, 2022. "Blockchain-Based Gas Auctioning Coupled with a Novel Economic Dispatch Formulation for Gas-Deficient Thermal Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-13, July.
    11. Uyikumhe Damisa & Nnamdi I. Nwulu & Pierluigi Siano, 2022. "Towards Blockchain-Based Energy Trading: A Smart Contract Implementation of Energy Double Auction and Spinning Reserve Trading," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, June.
    12. Bogdan-Constantin Neagu & Ovidiu Ivanov & Gheorghe Grigoras & Mihai Gavrilas & Dumitru-Marcel Istrate, 2020. "New Market Model with Social and Commercial Tiers for Improved Prosumer Trading in Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-43, September.
    13. Englberger, Stefan & Abo Gamra, Kareem & Tepe, Benedikt & Schreiber, Michael & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "Electric vehicle multi-use: Optimizing multiple value streams using mobile storage systems in a vehicle-to-grid context," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    14. Azim, M. Imran & Tushar, Wayes & Saha, Tapan K. & Yuen, Chau & Smith, David, 2022. "Peer-to-peer kilowatt and negawatt trading: A review of challenges and recent advances in distribution networks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    15. Chai, Shanglei & Zhang, Xichun & Abedin, Mohammad Zoynul & Chen, Huizheng & Lucey, Brian & Hajek, Petr, 2023. "An optimized GRT model with blockchain digital smart contracts for power generation enterprises," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    16. Uyikumhe Damisa & Nnamdi I. Nwulu, 2022. "Blockchain-Based Auctioning for Energy Storage Sharing in a Smart Community," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-12, March.
    17. Heymann, Fabian & Milojevic, Tatjana & Covatariu, Andrei & Verma, Piyush, 2023. "Digitalization in decarbonizing electricity systems – Phenomena, regional aspects, stakeholders, use cases, challenges and policy options," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    18. Roth, Tamara & Utz, Manuel & Baumgarte, Felix & Rieger, Alexander & Sedlmeir, Johannes & Strüker, Jens, 2022. "Electricity powered by blockchain: A review with a European perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    19. Manuel Casquiço & Bruno Mataloto & Joao C. Ferreira & Vitor Monteiro & Joao L. Afonso & Jose A. Afonso, 2021. "Blockchain and Internet of Things for Electrical Energy Decentralization: A Review and System Architecture," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-26, December.
    20. Md. Rayid Hasan Mojumder & Fahmida Ahmed Antara & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Basem Alamri & Mohammad Alsharef, 2022. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-53, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:14:p:8801-:d:865717. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.