IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v11y2018i9p2369-d168541.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City

Author

Listed:
  • Orhan Topal

    (IETT General Management, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Istanbul 34421, Turkey)

  • İsmail Nakir

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey)

Abstract

As across the world, in Turkey, several studies have been carried out by local government to use sustainable and 100% zero-emission public transport following increased public awareness. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to transportation systems in the world make it necessary to establish “zero-emission sustainable transportation systems” in Turkey. In this study, an economic analysis based on actual field data is presented for Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management (IETT) to seek the suitability of an electric bus concept for Istanbul conditions. For this purpose, a dynamic model based on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) from well to wheel has been proposed for the three groups of transportation, namely diesel, CNG (compressed natural gas) and electric buses. The data source used in the proposed approach is created by performing actual field performance tests for diesel, CNG and electric buses under real Istanbul road, time, and trip conditions. Afterwards, the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PB) methods considering TCO values and updated unit prices are carried out for the investment versus profitability analyses to compare the different public bus concepts. The results show that the electric bus concept with a charging station depot achieving sustainable and zero-emission goals will be the driving force to advance the electric bus concept for Istanbul Public Transport.

Suggested Citation

  • Orhan Topal & İsmail Nakir, 2018. "Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:9:p:2369-:d:168541
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/9/2369/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/9/2369/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Noel, Lance & McCormack, Regina, 2014. "A cost benefit analysis of a V2G-capable electric school bus compared to a traditional diesel school bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 246-255.
    2. Ding, Huajie & Hu, Zechun & Song, Yonghua, 2015. "Value of the energy storage system in an electric bus fast charging station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 630-639.
    3. Yajing Gao & Shixiao Guo & Jiafeng Ren & Zheng Zhao & Ali Ehsan & Yanan Zheng, 2018. "An Electric Bus Power Consumption Model and Optimization of Charging Scheduling Concerning Multi-External Factors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, August.
    4. Tzeng, Gwo-Hshiung & Lin, Cheng-Wei & Opricovic, Serafim, 2005. "Multi-criteria analysis of alternative-fuel buses for public transportation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 1373-1383, July.
    5. Wenxiang Li & Ye Li & Haopeng Deng & Lei Bao, 2018. "Planning of Electric Public Transport System under Battery Swap Mode," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, July.
    6. Rong-Ceng Leou & Jeng-Jiun Hung, 2017. "Optimal Charging Schedule Planning and Economic Analysis for Electric Bus Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, April.
    7. Hellgren, Jonas, 2007. "Life cycle cost analysis of a car, a city bus and an intercity bus powertrain for year 2005 and 2020," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 39-49, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Majumder, Suman & De, Krishnarti & Kumar, Praveen & Sengupta, Bodhisattva & Biswas, Pabitra Kumar, 2021. "Techno-commercial analysis of sustainable E-bus-based public transit systems: An Indian case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    2. Sistig, Hubert Maximilian & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2023. "Metaheuristic for the integrated electric vehicle and crew scheduling problem," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    3. Tommy Rosén & Louise Ödlund, 2019. "System Perspective on Biogas Use for Transport and Electricity Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-13, October.
    4. Maciej Kozłowski & Andrzej Czerepicki, 2023. "Quick Electrical Drive Selection Method for Bus Retrofitting," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-17, July.
    5. Armando Cartenì & Ilaria Henke & Clorinda Molitierno & Luigi Di Francesco, 2020. "Strong Sustainability in Public Transport Policies: An e-Mobility Bus Fleet Application in Sorrento Peninsula (Italy)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-19, August.
    6. Ilya Kulikov & Andrey Kozlov & Alexey Terenchenko & Kirill Karpukhin, 2020. "Comparative Study of Powertrain Hybridization for Heavy-Duty Vehicles Equipped with Diesel and Gas Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-23, April.
    7. Casper Boongaling Agaton & Angelie Azcuna Collera & Charmaine Samala Guno, 2020. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Analyses of Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-14, June.
    8. Anna Brdulak & Grażyna Chaberek & Jacek Jagodziński, 2020. "Development Forecasts for the Zero-Emission Bus Fleet in Servicing Public Transport in Chosen EU Member Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-20, August.
    9. Andrzej Łebkowski, 2019. "Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-39, March.
    10. Michel Noussan, 2023. "The Use of Biomethane in Internal Combustion Engines for Public Transport Decarbonization: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-18, December.
    11. López-Ibarra, Jon Ander & Gaztañaga, Haizea & Saez-de-Ibarra, Andoni & Camblong, Haritza, 2020. "Plug-in hybrid electric buses total cost of ownership optimization at fleet level based on battery aging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    12. Sofia Dahlgren & Jonas Ammenberg, 2021. "Sustainability Assessment of Public Transport, Part II—Applying a Multi-Criteria Assessment Method to Compare Different Bus Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-30, January.
    13. Jasmina Pašagić Škrinjar & Borna Abramović & Lucija Bukvić & Željko Marušić, 2020. "Managing Fuel Consumption and Emissions in the Renewed Fleet of a Transport Company," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-15, June.
    14. Zhetao Chen & Hao Wang, 2023. "Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of Fuel Cell Electric Bus with Different Hydrogen Supply Alternatives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-25, December.
    15. Iván López & Pedro Luis Calvo & Gonzalo Fernández-Sánchez & Carlos Sierra & Roberto Corchero & Cesar Omar Chacón & Carlos de Juan & Daniel Rosas & Francisco Burgos, 2022. "Different Approaches for a Goal: The Electrical Bus-EMT Madrid as a Successful Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-24, August.
    16. Anders Grauers & Sven Borén & Oscar Enerbäck, 2020. "Total Cost of Ownership Model and Significant Cost Parameters for the Design of Electric Bus Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-28, June.
    17. Călin Iclodean & Nicolae Cordoș & Adrian Todoruț, 2019. "Analysis of the Electric Bus Autonomy Depending on the Atmospheric Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-23, November.
    18. Raka Jovanovic & Islam Safak Bayram & Sertac Bayhan & Stefan Voß, 2021. "A GRASP Approach for Solving Large-Scale Electric Bus Scheduling Problems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-23, October.
    19. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
    20. Chung-Jen Chou & Shyh-Biau Jiang & Tse-Liang Yeh & Chein-Chung Sun, 2021. "Fault-Tolerant Battery Power Network Architecture of Networked Swappable Battery Packs in Parallel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    2. Jean-Michel Clairand & Paulo Guerra-Terán & Xavier Serrano-Guerrero & Mario González-Rodríguez & Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá, 2019. "Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Andrzej Łebkowski, 2019. "Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-39, March.
    4. Yian Yan & Huang Wang & Jiuchun Jiang & Weige Zhang & Yan Bao & Mei Huang, 2019. "Research on Configuration Methods of Battery Energy Storage System for Pure Electric Bus Fast Charging Station," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-17, February.
    5. Kayhan Alamatsaz & Sadam Hussain & Chunyan Lai & Ursula Eicker, 2022. "Electric Bus Scheduling and Timetabling, Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning, and Their Impact on the Grid: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-39, October.
    6. Purnell, K. & Bruce, A.G. & MacGill, I., 2022. "Impacts of electrifying public transit on the electricity grid, from regional to state level analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    7. Xu, Yanzhi & Gbologah, Franklin E. & Lee, Dong-Yeon & Liu, Haobing & Rodgers, Michael O. & Guensler, Randall L., 2015. "Assessment of alternative fuel and powertrain transit bus options using real-world operations data: Life-cycle fuel and emissions modeling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 143-159.
    8. Yuping Lin & Kai Zhang & Zuo-Jun Max Shen & Lixin Miao, 2019. "Charging Network Planning for Electric Bus Cities: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-27, August.
    9. Boud Verbrugge & Abdul Mannan Rauf & Haaris Rasool & Mohamed Abdel-Monem & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Real-Time Charging Scheduling and Optimization of Electric Buses in a Depot," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    10. Heinisch, Verena & Göransson, Lisa & Erlandsson, Rasmus & Hodel, Henrik & Johnsson, Filip & Odenberger, Mikael, 2021. "Smart electric vehicle charging strategies for sectoral coupling in a city energy system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    11. Jean-Michel Clairand & Javier Rodríguez-García & Carlos Álvarez-Bel, 2018. "Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy for Isolated Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-21, November.
    12. Brinkel, Nico & Zijlstra, Marle & van Bezu, Ronald & van Twuijver, Tim & Lampropoulos, Ioannis & van Sark, Wilfried, 2023. "A comparative analysis of charging strategies for battery electric buses in wholesale electricity and ancillary services markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    13. Adnane Houbbadi & Rochdi Trigui & Serge Pelissier & Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias & Tanguy Bouton, 2019. "Optimal Scheduling to Manage an Electric Bus Fleet Overnight Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    14. Zeng, Ziling & Wang, Shuaian & Qu, Xiaobo, 2022. "On the role of battery degradation in en-route charge scheduling for an electric bus system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    15. Cai, Yanpeng & Applegate, Scott & Yue, Wencong & Cai, Jianying & Wang, Xuan & Liu, Gengyuan & Li, Chunhui, 2017. "A hybrid life cycle and multi-criteria decision analysis approach for identifying sustainable development strategies of Beijing's taxi fleet," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 314-325.
    16. Kuang-Hua Hu & Wei Jianguo & Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, 2017. "Risk Factor Assessment Improvement for China’s Cloud Computing Auditing Using a New Hybrid MADM Model," International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making (IJITDM), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 16(03), pages 737-777, May.
    17. Hisham Alidrisi, 2021. "An Innovative Job Evaluation Approach Using the VIKOR Algorithm," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-19, June.
    18. Caetani, Alberto Pavlick & Ferreira, Luciano & Borenstein, Denis, 2016. "Development of an integrated decision-making method for an oil refinery restructuring in Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 197-210.
    19. Büyüközkan, Gülçin & Ruan, Da, 2008. "Evaluation of software development projects using a fuzzy multi-criteria decision approach," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 77(5), pages 464-475.
    20. Ellegood, William A. & Riley, Jason M. & Berg, M. Douglas, 2024. "The many costs of operating school buses in America," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:9:p:2369-:d:168541. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.