IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v11y2017i1p29-d124180.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Simulation and Empirical Studies of the Commercial SI Engine Performance and Its Emission Levels When Running on a CNG and Hydrogen Blend

Author

Listed:
  • Rafaa Saaidia

    (Laboratory of the Electromechanical System, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), BP. 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
    Technical and Vocational Training Corporation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bishah Technical College, BP. 688, 61922 Bishah, Province of Assir, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohamed Ali Jemni

    (Laboratory of the Electromechanical System, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), BP. 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia)

  • Mohamed Salah Abid

    (Laboratory of the Electromechanical System, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), BP. 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia)

Abstract

This article is a report on a simulation based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and an empirical investigation of in-cylinder flow characteristics, In addition, it assesses the performance and emission levels of a commercial-spark ignited engine running on a CNG and Hydrogen blend in different ratios. The main objective was to determine the optimum hydrogen ratio that would yield the best brake torque and release the least polluting gases. The in-cylinder flow velocity and turbulence aspects were investigated during the intake stroke in order to analyze the intake flow behavior. To reach this goal, a 3D CFD code was adopted. For various engine speeds were investigated for gasoline, CNG and hydrogen and CNG blend (HCNG) fueled engines via external mixtures. The variation of brake torque (BT), NO X and CO emissions. A series of tests were conducted on the engine within the speed range of 1000 to 5000 rpm. For this purpose, a commercial Hyundai Sonata S.I engine was modified to operate with a blend of CNG and Hydrogen in different ratios. The experiments attempted to determine the optimum allowable hydrogen ratio with CNG for normal engine operation. The engine performance and the emission levels were also analyzed. At the engine speed of 4200 rpm, the results revealed that beyond a ratio of 50% of the volume of hydrogen added to CNG a backfire phenomenon appeared. Below this ratio (0~40%) of the hydrogen volume, the CNG and Hydrogen blend seemed to be beneficial for the engine performance and for curtailing the emission level. However, at low engine speeds, the NO X concentration increased simultaneously with hydrogen content. In contrast, at high engine speeds, the NO X concentration decreased to its lowest level compared to that reached with gasoline as a running fuel. The concentration levels of HC, CO 2 , and CO decreased with the increase of hydrogen percentage.

Suggested Citation

  • Rafaa Saaidia & Mohamed Ali Jemni & Mohamed Salah Abid, 2017. "Simulation and Empirical Studies of the Commercial SI Engine Performance and Its Emission Levels When Running on a CNG and Hydrogen Blend," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-22, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2017:i:1:p:29-:d:124180
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/1/29/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/1/29/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pablo-Romero, María del P. & De Jesús, Josué, 2016. "Economic growth and energy consumption: The Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve for Latin America and the Caribbean," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1343-1350.
    2. Diéguez, P.M. & Urroz, J.C. & Marcelino-Sádaba, S. & Pérez-Ezcurdia, A. & Benito-Amurrio, M. & Sáinz, D. & Gandía, L.M., 2014. "Experimental study of the performance and emission characteristics of an adapted commercial four-cylinder spark ignition engine running on hydrogen–methane mixtures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1068-1076.
    3. Kacem, Sahar Hadj & Jemni, Mohamed Ali & Driss, Zied & Abid, Mohamed Salah, 2016. "The effect of H2 enrichment on in-cylinder flow behavior, engine performances and exhaust emissions: Case of LPG-hydrogen engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 961-971.
    4. Harshavardhan, Ballapu & Mallikarjuna, J.M., 2015. "Effect of piston shape on in-cylinder flows and air–fuel interaction in a direct injection spark ignition engine – A CFD analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 361-372.
    5. Driss, Zied & Mlayeh, Olfa & Driss, Dorra & Maaloul, Makram & Abid, Mohamed Salah, 2014. "Numerical simulation and experimental validation of the turbulent flow around a small incurved Savonius wind rotor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 506-517.
    6. Bysveen, Marie, 2007. "Engine characteristics of emissions and performance using mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 482-489.
    7. Wang, Xin & Zhang, Hongguang & Yao, Baofeng & Lei, Yan & Sun, Xiaona & Wang, Daojing & Ge, Yunshan, 2012. "Experimental study on factors affecting lean combustion limit of S.I engine fueled with compressed natural gas and hydrogen blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 58-65.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Qinglin Zhang & Zhaoping Xu & Shuangshuang Liu & Liang Liu, 2020. "Effects of Injector Spray Angle on Performance of an Opposed-Piston Free-Piston Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-17, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yang, Jinxin & Ji, Changwei & Wang, Shuofeng & Wang, Du & Ma, Zedong & Zhang, Boya, 2018. "Numerical investigation on the mixture formation and combustion processes of a gasoline rotary engine with direct injected hydrogen enrichment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 34-41.
    2. Park, Cheolwoong & Kim, Changgi & Choi, Young & Lee, Janghee, 2013. "Operating strategy for exhaust gas reduction and performance improvement in a heavy-duty hydrogen-natural gas blend engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 262-269.
    3. Mehra, Roopesh Kumar & Duan, Hao & Juknelevičius, Romualdas & Ma, Fanhua & Li, Junyin, 2017. "Progress in hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) internal combustion engines - A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1458-1498.
    4. Prasad, Rajesh Kumar & Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, 2021. "Development and comparative experimental investigations of laser plasma and spark plasma ignited hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas fueled engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    5. Claudia García-García & Catalina B. García-García & Román Salmerón, 2021. "Confronting collinearity in environmental regression models: evidence from world data," Statistical Methods & Applications, Springer;Società Italiana di Statistica, vol. 30(3), pages 895-926, September.
    6. Bakri, Badis & Eleuch, Oumaima & Ketata, Ahmed & Driss, Slah & Driss, Zied & Benguesmia, Hani, 2018. "Study of the turbulent flow in a newly solar air heater test bench with natural and forced convection modes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 1028-1041.
    7. Rao, Congjun & Zhang, Yue & Wen, Jianghui & Xiao, Xinping & Goh, Mark, 2023. "Energy demand forecasting in China: A support vector regression-compositional data second exponential smoothing model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
    8. Hiroyuki Taguchi & Aktamov Asomiddin, 2022. "Energy-Use Inefficiency and Policy Governance in Central Asian Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    9. Choi, Sun & Lee, Seungro & Kwon, Oh Chae, 2015. "Extinction limits and structure of counterflow nonpremixed hydrogen-doped ammonia/air flames at elevated temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 503-510.
    10. Sun, Zuo-Yu & Li, Guo-Xiu, 2016. "Propagation characteristics of laminar spherical flames within homogeneous hydrogen-air mixtures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 116-127.
    11. Luigi De Simio & Sabato Iannaccone & Massimo Masi & Paolo Gobbato, 2022. "Experimental Study and Optimisation of a Non-Conventional Ignition System for Reciprocating Engines Operation with Hydrogen–Methane Blends, Syngas, and Biogas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, November.
    12. Selim J rgen Ergun & Maria Fernanda Rivas, 2020. "Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Uruguay using Ecological Footprint as a Measure of Environmental Degradation," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(4), pages 473-485.
    13. Daiva Makutėnienė & Algirdas Justinas Staugaitis & Bernardas Vaznonis & Gunta Grīnberga-Zālīte, 2023. "The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the Baltic Countries’ Agriculture: A Non-Linear Framework," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-22, February.
    14. Kentaka Aruga, 2019. "Investigating the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for the Asia-Pacific Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-12, April.
    15. Baoshou Zhang & Baowei Song & Zhaoyong Mao & Wenlong Tian & Boyang Li & Bo Li, 2017. "A Novel Parametric Modeling Method and Optimal Design for Savonius Wind Turbines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-20, March.
    16. Muthukumar, K. & Kasiraman, G., 2024. "Utilization of fuel energy from single-use Low-density polyethylene plastic waste on CI engine with hydrogen enrichment – An experimental study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    17. de Santoli, Livio & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Bruschi, Daniele, 2013. "Energy characterization of CHP (combined heat and power) fuelled with hydrogen enriched natural gas blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 13-22.
    18. Duarte, Jorge & Amador, Germán & Garcia, Jesus & Fontalvo, Armando & Vasquez Padilla, Ricardo & Sanjuan, Marco & Gonzalez Quiroga, Arturo, 2014. "Auto-ignition control in turbocharged internal combustion engines operating with gaseous fuels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 137-147.
    19. de Santoli, Livio & Paiolo, Romano & Lo Basso, Gianluigi, 2020. "Energy-environmental experimental campaign on a commercial CHP fueled with H2NG blends and oxygen enriched air hailing from on-site electrolysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    20. Kim, Joonsuk & Chun, Kwang Min & Song, Soonho & Baek, Hong-Kil & Lee, Seung Woo, 2018. "Hydrogen effects on the combustion stability, performance and emissions of a turbo gasoline direct injection engine in various air/fuel ratios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1353-1361.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2017:i:1:p:29-:d:124180. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.