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Modular Multilevel Converters: Control and Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo

    (Department of Electronics Technology, University of Valladolid, 47014 Valladolid, Spain)

  • Dionisio Ramirez

    (Department of Automation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Industrial Computing, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28006 Madrid, Spain)

  • Alexis B. Rey-Boue

    (Department of Electronics, Computers Technology and Projects, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain)

  • Santiago De Pablo

    (Department of Electronics Technology, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain)

  • Luis Carlos Herrero-de Lucas

    (Department of Electronics Technology, University of Valladolid, 47014 Valladolid, Spain)

Abstract

This review article is mainly oriented to the control and applications of modular multilevel converters (MMC). The main topologies of the switching modules are presented, for normal operation and for the elimination of DC faults. Methods to keep the capacitor voltage balanced are included. The voltage and current modulators, that are the most internal loops of control, are detailed. Voltage control and current control schemes are included which regulate DC link voltage and reactive power. The cases of unbalanced and distorted networks are analyzed, and schemes are proposed so that MMC contribute to improve the quality of the grid in these situations. The main applications in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission along with other medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) applications are included. Finally, the application to offshore wind farms is specifically analyzed.

Suggested Citation

  • Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo & Dionisio Ramirez & Alexis B. Rey-Boue & Santiago De Pablo & Luis Carlos Herrero-de Lucas, 2017. "Modular Multilevel Converters: Control and Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-26, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:11:p:1709-:d:116568
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ramirez, Dionisio & Martinez-Rodrigo, Fernando & de Pablo, Santiago & Carlos Herrero-de Lucas, Luis, 2017. "Assessment of a non linear current control technique applied to MMC-HVDC during grid disturbances," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 945-963.
    2. Martinez-Rodrigo, Fernando & de Pablo, Santiago & Herrero-de Lucas, L. Carlos, 2015. "Current control of a modular multilevel converter for HVDC applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 318-331.
    3. Miguel Moranchel & Francisco Huerta & Inés Sanz & Emilio Bueno & Francisco J. Rodríguez, 2016. "A Comparison of Modulation Techniques for Modular Multilevel Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-20, December.
    4. Montilla-DJesus, Miguel & Santos-Martin, David & Arnaltes, Santiago & Castronuovo, Edgardo D., 2012. "Optimal reactive power allocation in an offshore wind farms with LCC-HVdc link connection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 40(1), pages 157-166.
    5. Miguel Moranchel & Emilio Bueno & Inés Sanz & Francisco J. Rodríguez, 2017. "New Approaches to Circulating Current Controllers for Modular Multilevel Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-20, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jae-Myeong Kim & Geum-Seop Song & Jae-Jung Jung, 2021. "Zero-Sequence Voltage Injection Method for DC Capacitor Voltage Balancing of Wye-Connected CHB Converter under Unbalanced Grid and Load Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Md Ismail Hossain & Md Shafiullah & Fahad A. Al-Sulaiman & Mohammad A. Abido, 2022. "Comprehensive Analysis of PV and Wind Energy Integration into MMC-HVDC Transmission Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-36, December.
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    5. Victor Daniel Reyes Dreke & Mircea Lazar, 2022. "Long-Horizon Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Modular Multilevel Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-22, February.
    6. Md Ismail Hossain & Md Shafiullah & Mohammad A. Abido, 2023. "Battery Power Control Strategy for Intermittent Renewable Energy Integrated Modular Multilevel Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-31, February.
    7. Davide De Simone & Luigi Piegari, 2019. "Integration of Stationary Batteries for Fast Charge EV Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-11, December.
    8. Stefano Farnesi & Mario Marchesoni & Massimiliano Passalacqua & Luis Vaccaro, 2019. "Solid-State Transformers in Locomotives Fed through AC Lines: A Review and Future Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-29, December.
    9. Waqar Uddin & Tiago D. C. Busarello & Kamran Zeb & Muhammad Adil Khan & Anil Kumar Yedluri & Hee-Je Kim, 2021. "Control Strategy Based on Arm-Level Control for Output and Circulating Current of MMC in Stationary Reference Frame," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-20, July.
    10. Davide del Giudice & Federico Bizzarri & Samuele Grillo & Daniele Linaro & Angelo Maurizio Brambilla, 2022. "Impact of Passive-Components’ Models on the Stability Assessment of Inverter-Dominated Power Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-23, August.
    11. Roland Ryndzionek & Łukasz Sienkiewicz, 2020. "Evolution of the HVDC Link Connecting Offshore Wind Farms to Onshore Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-17, April.
    12. Seyed Mehdi Hakimi & Amin Hajizadeh, 2018. "Integration of Photovoltaic Power Units to Power Distribution System through Modular Multilevel Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-13, October.
    13. Mohsin Ali Koondhar & Ghulam Sarwar Kaloi & Abdul Sattar Saand & Sadullah Chandio & Wonsuk Ko & Sisam Park & Hyeong-Jin Choi & Ragab Abdelaziz El-Sehiemy, 2023. "Critical Technical Issues with a Voltage-Source-Converter-Based High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System for the Onshore Integration of Offshore Wind Farms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-21, September.
    14. Sen Song & Yihua Hu & Kai Ni & Joseph Yan & Guipeng Chen & Huiqing Wen & Xianming Ye, 2018. "Multi-Port High Voltage Gain Modular Power Converter for Offshore Wind Farms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-15, June.
    15. Yumeng Tian & Harith R. Wickramasinghe & Zixin Li & Josep Pou & Georgios Konstantinou, 2022. "Review, Classification and Loss Comparison of Modular Multilevel Converter Submodules for HVDC Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-32, March.
    16. José Gabriel Oliveira Pinto & Rui Macedo & Vitor Monteiro & Luis Barros & Tiago Sousa & João L. Afonso, 2018. "Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter Based on a 5-Level Converter Topology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-26, April.
    17. Mario Lopez & Hendrik Fehr & Marcelo A. Perez & Albrecht Gensior, 2021. "Pareto Frontier of the Arm Energy Ripple and the Conduction Losses of a Modular Multilevel Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-20, January.
    18. Ismail Aouichak & Sébastien Jacques & Sébastien Bissey & Cédric Reymond & Téo Besson & Jean-Charles Le Bunetel, 2022. "A Bidirectional Grid-Connected DC–AC Converter for Autonomous and Intelligent Electricity Storage in the Residential Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, February.
    19. Corentin Darbas & Jean-Christophe Olivier & Nicolas Ginot & Frédéric Poitiers & Christophe Batard, 2021. "Cascaded Smart Gate Drivers for Modular Multilevel Converters Control: A Decentralized Voltage Balancing Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-27, June.
    20. Cristina Terlizzi & Antonio Magnanimo & Francesco Santoro & Stefano Bifaretti, 2023. "Development of a Scalable MMC Pulsed Power Supply through HIL Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-19, May.
    21. Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo & Dionisio Ramirez & Santiago de Pablo & Luis Carlos Herrero-de Lucas, 2021. "Connection System for Small and Medium-Size Wind Generators through the Integration in an MMC and NLC Modulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-21, May.

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