IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v10y2017i10p1521-d113984.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Influence of Refrigerant Charge Amount and EEV Opening on the Performance of a Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater

Author

Listed:
  • Ze Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Xiaojun Dong

    (State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
    Allfavor Circuits (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518105, China)

  • Zheng Ren

    (State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Tianwei Lai

    (State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
    Xi’an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou 215123, China)

  • Yu Hou

    (State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

Abstract

Besides compressor rotary speed and parameters of water flowing through gas cooler and evaporator, refrigerant charge amount and electronic expansion valve (EEV) opening are two important parameters that have significant effects on the performance of a transcritical CO 2 heat pump system. In this study, the effects of refrigerant charge amount on the performance of a transcritical CO 2 heat pump water heater were investigated experimentally at different EEV openings. An optimal coefficient of performance (COP) was found that corresponded to a specific refrigerant charge and a specific EEV opening. Based on the experiment, the COP peaked at charge of 1.8 kg when EEV opening was 40% of full opening. The heating capacity and the COP increased at first, reached peaks and then decreased with increase of charge amount. The COP decreased 14.95% as the CO 2 charge amount was reduced by 22.2% from the optimal charge at 50% EEV opening. As EEV opening varied from 40% to 60% at the same charge amount, the heating capacity decreased more than 30%.

Suggested Citation

  • Ze Zhang & Xiaojun Dong & Zheng Ren & Tianwei Lai & Yu Hou, 2017. "Influence of Refrigerant Charge Amount and EEV Opening on the Performance of a Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:10:p:1521-:d:113984
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/10/1521/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/10/1521/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Jian-Fei & Qin, Yan & Wang, Chi-Chuan, 2015. "Review on CO2 heat pump water heater for residential use in Japan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 1383-1391.
    2. Choi, J.M & Kim, Y.C, 2002. "The effects of improper refrigerant charge on the performance of a heat pump with an electronic expansion valve and capillary tube," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(4), pages 391-404.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kenneth R. Uren & George van Schoor & Martin van Eldik & Johannes J. A. de Bruin, 2020. "An Energy Graph-Based Approach to Fault Diagnosis of a Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-34, April.
    2. Samuel Boahen & Kwang Ho Lee & Jong Min Choi, 2019. "Refrigerant Charge Fault Detection and Diagnosis Algorithm for Water-to-Water Heat Pump Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-25, February.
    3. Yulong Song & Hongsheng Xie & Mengying Yang & Xiangyu Wei & Feng Cao & Xiang Yin, 2023. "A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO 2 -Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    4. Jiang, Ziqi & Tian, Yafen & Li, Kang & Zhao, Zhaorui & Liu, Ni & Zhang, Hua, 2024. "Research on refrigerant charge determination under different compressor speed and its effects on the performance of transcritical CO2 air-conditioning heat pump system in electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    5. Rajib Uddin Rony & Huojun Yang & Sumathy Krishnan & Jongchul Song, 2019. "Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 (R744) Heat Pump System: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-35, January.
    6. Samuel Boahen & Kwesi Mensah & Yujin Nam & Jong Min Choi, 2020. "Fault Detection Methodology for Secondary Fluid Flow Rate in a Heat Pump Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-17, June.
    7. Hongzeng Ji & Jinchen Pei & Jingyang Cai & Chen Ding & Fen Guo & Yichun Wang, 2023. "Review of Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles and Their Development in the Vehicle Field," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    8. Ignacio López Paniagua & Ángel Jiménez Álvaro & Javier Rodríguez Martín & Celina González Fernández & Rafael Nieto Carlier, 2019. "Comparison of Transcritical CO 2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump Water Heaters for Domestic Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-17, February.
    9. Samuel Boahen & Kwesi Mensah & Selorm Kwaku Anka & Kwang Ho Lee & Jong Min Choi, 2021. "Fault Detection Algorithm for Multiple-Simultaneous Refrigerant Charge and Secondary Fluid Flow Rate Faults in Heat Pumps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-19, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Wenyi & Zhao, Zhongfan & Zhou, Qun & Qiao, Yiyuan & Cao, Feng, 2021. "Model predictive control for the operation of a transcritical CO2 air source heat pump water heater," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    2. Xiufang Liu & Changhai Liu & Ze Zhang & Liang Chen & Yu Hou, 2017. "Experimental Study on the Performance of Water Source Trans-Critical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-14, June.
    3. Schlosser, F. & Jesper, M. & Vogelsang, J. & Walmsley, T.G. & Arpagaus, C. & Hesselbach, J., 2020. "Large-scale heat pumps: Applications, performance, economic feasibility and industrial integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    4. Xiang Gou & Yang Fu & Imran Ali Shah & Yamei Li & Guoyou Xu & Yue Yang & Enyu Wang & Liansheng Liu & Jinxiang Wu, 2016. "Research on a Household Dual Heat Source Heat Pump Water Heater with Preheater Based on ASPEN PLUS," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-16, December.
    5. Ignacio López Paniagua & Ángel Jiménez Álvaro & Javier Rodríguez Martín & Celina González Fernández & Rafael Nieto Carlier, 2019. "Comparison of Transcritical CO 2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump Water Heaters for Domestic Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-17, February.
    6. Bolaji, B.O., 2010. "Experimental study of R152a and R32 to replace R134a in a domestic refrigerator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(9), pages 3793-3798.
    7. Wakui, Tetsuya & Hashiguchi, Moe & Sawada, Kento & Yokoyama, Ryohei, 2019. "Two-stage design optimization based on artificial immune system and mixed-integer linear programming for energy supply networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 1228-1248.
    8. Chae, Jung-Hoon & Choi, Jong Min, 2015. "Evaluation of the impacts of high stage refrigerant charge on cascade heat pump performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 66-71.
    9. Park, Young Sung & Jeong, Ji Hwan & Ahn, Byoung Ha, 2014. "Heat pump control method based on direct measurement of evaporation pressure to improve energy efficiency and indoor air temperature stability at a low cooling load condition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 99-107.
    10. Singh Gaur, Ankita & Fitiwi, Desta & Curtis, John, 2019. "Heat pumps and their role in decarbonising heating Sector: a comprehensive review," Papers WP627, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
    11. Jun Kwon Hwang & Patrick Nzivugira Duhirwe & Geun Young Yun & Sukho Lee & Hyeongjoon Seo & Inhan Kim & Mat Santamouris, 2020. "A Novel Hybrid Deep Neural Network Model to Predict the Refrigerant Charge Amount of Heat Pumps," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-23, April.
    12. Wu, Di & Hu, Bin & Wang, R.Z., 2021. "Vapor compression heat pumps with pure Low-GWP refrigerants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    13. Zhang, Fuzhen & Zhu, Yinhai & Li, Conghui & Jiang, Peixue, 2018. "Thermodynamic optimization of heat transfer process in thermal systems using CO2 as the working fluid based on temperature glide matching," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 376-386.
    14. Chen, J.F. & Dai, Y.J. & Wang, R.Z., 2016. "Experimental and theoretical study on a solar assisted CO2 heat pump for space heating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 295-304.
    15. Yanxue Li & Weijun Gao & Yingjun Ruan & Yoshiaki Ushifusa, 2018. "Grid Load Shifting and Performance Assessments of Residential Efficient Energy Technologies, a Case Study in Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-19, June.
    16. Qu, Minglu & Xia, Liang & Deng, Shiming & Jiang, Yiqiang, 2012. "An experimental investigation on reverse-cycle defrosting performance for an air source heat pump using an electronic expansion valve," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 327-333.
    17. Belman-Flores, J.M. & Barroso-Maldonado, J.M. & Rodríguez-Muñoz, A.P. & Camacho-Vázquez, G., 2015. "Enhancements in domestic refrigeration, approaching a sustainable refrigerator – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 955-968.
    18. Zhang, Hongwei & Geng, Xudong & Shao, Shuangquan & Si, Chunqiang & Wang, Zhichao, 2022. "Performance analysis of a R134a/CO2 cascade heat pump in severe cold regions of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    19. Vinnemeier, Philipp & Wirsum, Manfred & Malpiece, Damien & Bove, Roberto, 2016. "Integration of heat pumps into thermal plants for creation of large-scale electricity storage capacities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 506-522.
    20. Wakui, Tetsuya & Sawada, Kento & Yokoyama, Ryohei & Aki, Hirohisa, 2019. "Predictive management for energy supply networks using photovoltaics, heat pumps, and battery by two-stage stochastic programming and rule-based control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1302-1319.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:10:p:1521-:d:113984. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.