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A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States

Author

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  • Ifeoluwa Adesina

    (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Arnab Bhowmik

    (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Harmandeep Sharma

    (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Abolghasem Shahbazi

    (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

Abstract

Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) is an emerging high-value specialty crop that can be cultivated for either fiber, seed, or cannabidiol (CBD). The demand for hemp and its products has been consistently on the rise in the 21st century. The United States of America (USA) has reintroduced hemp and legalized its production as an agricultural commodity through the 2018 Federal Farm Bill. Although there is a renewed interest in the adoption of hemp due to the emerging market, its production in the United States (US) remains limited partly because of unclear agronomic guidance and fertilization recommendations. This review article provides information on the current agronomic management practices that are available in the literature and identifies the future research needs for cultivating this multipurpose crop to address the growing market demands. Hemp production could be beneficial if managed properly. Hemp fertilizer requirements vary in accordance with the type of hemp grown (seed, fiber, or CBD), soil, environmental conditions and requires a wide range of macro- and micronutrients. Integrating management practices in hemp cultivation intended to build soil health is promising since the hemp cropping system is suitable for crop rotation, cover cropping, and livestock integration through animal waste applications. Hemp also has significant environmental benefits since it has the potential to remediate contaminated soils through phytoremediation, convert high amounts of atmospheric CO 2 to biomass through bio-sequestration, and hemp biomass for bioenergy production. This review identifies that most of the agronomic research in the past has been limited to hemp fiber and, to some extent, hemp seed but not CBD hemp. With the increase in the global markets for hemp products, more research needs to be conducted to provide agronomic guidelines for sustainable hemp production.

Suggested Citation

  • Ifeoluwa Adesina & Arnab Bhowmik & Harmandeep Sharma & Abolghasem Shahbazi, 2020. "A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:10:y:2020:i:4:p:129-:d:345317
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Johannes Lehmann & John Gaunt & Marco Rondon, 2006. "Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 11(2), pages 395-419, March.
    2. Trey Malone & Kevin Gomez, 2019. "Hemp in the United States: A Case Study of Regulatory Path Dependence," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 41(2), pages 199-214, June.
    3. Beatrice Dingha & Leah Sandler & Arnab Bhowmik & Clement Akotsen-Mensah & Louis Jackai & Kevin Gibson & Ronald Turco, 2019. "Industrial Hemp Knowledge and Interest among North Carolina Organic Farmers in the United States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-17, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zheng, Yuqing & Lacasse, Hannah & Kolodinsky, Jane M. & Mark, Tyler B. & Buzas, Jeff & Whitehouse, Claire, 2024. "Marijuana Legalization and Hemp Policies and Demand for Hemp and Cannabidiol (CBD) Foods," 2024 Annual Meeting, July 28-30, New Orleans, LA 343804, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    2. Chun Hua Julia Liu & Francesco Pomponi & Bernardino D’Amico, 2023. "The Extent to Which Hemp Insulation Materials Can Be Used in Canadian Residential Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-31, October.
    3. Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan & Abolghasem Shahbazi & Masoud Kazem-Rostami & Matthew Scott Todd & Arnab Bhowmik & Lijun Wang, 2021. "Extraction of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)—Review," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-21, April.
    4. Teodoro Semeraro & Aurelia Scarano & Riccardo Buccolieri & Angelo Santino & Eeva Aarrevaara, 2021. "Planning of Urban Green Spaces: An Ecological Perspective on Human Benefits," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-26, January.
    5. Hilary Mayton & Masoume Amirkhani & Michael Loos & Burton Johnson & John Fike & Chuck Johnson & Kevin Myers & Jennifer Starr & Gary C. Bergstrom & Alan Taylor, 2022. "Evaluation of Industrial Hemp Seed Treatments for Management of Damping-Off for Enhanced Stand Establishment," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-12, April.
    6. Patalee, Buddhika & Jeong, Hoyeon & Mark, Tyler, 2024. "What Makes Hemp Economically Attractive? A Case of Kentucky Hemp Farmers," Research on World Agricultural Economy, Nan Yang Academy of Sciences Pte Ltd (NASS), vol. 5(2), May.
    7. Ioanna Kakabouki & Angeliki Kousta & Antigolena Folina & Stella Karydogianni & Charikleia Zisi & Varvara Kouneli & Panayiota Papastylianou, 2021. "Effect of Fertilization with Urea and Inhibitors on Growth, Yield and CBD Concentration of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-13, February.
    8. Ivana Bajić & Borivoj Pejić & Vladimir Sikora & Mirjana Kostić & Aleksandra Ivanovska & Biljana Pejić & Bojan Vojnov, 2022. "The Effects of Irrigation, Topping, and Interrow Spacing on the Yield and Quality of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Fibers in Temperate Climatic Conditions," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-17, November.
    9. Dylan Bruce & Grace Connelly & Shelby Ellison, 2022. "Different Fertility Approaches in Organic Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Production Alter Floral Biomass Yield but Not CBD:THC Ratio," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-11, May.
    10. Michał Kubiś & Piotr Łapka & Łukasz Cieślikiewicz & Genadijs Sahmenko & Maris Sinka & Diana Bajare, 2022. "Analysis of the Thermal Conductivity of a Bio-Based Composite Made of Hemp Shives and a Magnesium Binder," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-11, July.
    11. Sinéad M. Madden & Alan Ryan & Patrick Walsh, 2022. "A Systems Thinking Approach Investigating the Estimated Environmental and Economic Benefits and Limitations of Industrial Hemp Cultivation in Ireland from 2017–2021," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, March.
    12. Anna Tedeschi & Maria Grazia Volpe & Franca Polimeno & Francesco Siano & Giuseppe Maglione & Paul Di Tommasi & Ermanno Vasca & Vincenzo Magliulo & Luca Vitale, 2020. "Soil Fertilization with Urea Has Little Effect on Seed Quality but Reduces Soil N 2 O Emissions from a Hemp Cultivation," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-14, June.

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