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Active and passive safety enhancement for batteries from force perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Chen, Siqi
  • Wei, Xuezhe
  • Zhang, Guangxu
  • Rui, Xinyu
  • Xu, Chengshan
  • Feng, Xuning
  • Dai, Haifeng
  • Ouyang, Minggao

Abstract

Thermal runaway (TR) has become a critical issue for Li-ion battery applications in electric vehicles and energy storage stations. To address this issue, early warning and thermal runaway propagation (TRP) mitigation are significant for the active and passive safety of the battery system, respectively. This study proposes the expansion force as a reliable warning signal, which is proven to provide more interval (>500 s) for escape and rescue compared with voltage and temperature signals. Besides, the TR expansion force changing mechanism due to thermal expansion, gas generation/accumulation, and venting is investigated. Furthermore, the TRP expansion force and deformation changing mechanism is explained from the perspective of expansion, squeeze, and venting. The TRP debris deformation trend is verified through mechanical modeling. The maximum TR expansion force increment (ΔFmax)-capacity (Q) equalization and ΔFmax-cell index equations are proposed based on the TR/TRP tests of three types of prismatic batteries. Moreover, a TRP mitigation structure is proposed to amplify the TR expansion force, which is validated to effectively amplify the force, causing the mechanical destruction of the in-line module holder. A TRP mitigation test proves that the first TR cell capsizes the module holder to hinder the heat transfer between the front/back surfaces of the prismatic batteries when the TR expansion force exceeds the preload. Without enough heat transfer, the TR of the following battery cells cannot be triggered even under jet fire impact. This study guides the active and passive safety design for the prismatic battery system.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen, Siqi & Wei, Xuezhe & Zhang, Guangxu & Rui, Xinyu & Xu, Chengshan & Feng, Xuning & Dai, Haifeng & Ouyang, Minggao, 2023. "Active and passive safety enhancement for batteries from force perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:187:y:2023:i:c:s136403212300597x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113740
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jiang, Z.Y. & Qu, Z.G. & Zhang, J.F. & Rao, Z.H., 2020. "Rapid prediction method for thermal runaway propagation in battery pack based on lumped thermal resistance network and electric circuit analogy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    2. Feng, Xuning & Weng, Caihao & Ouyang, Minggao & Sun, Jing, 2016. "Online internal short circuit detection for a large format lithium ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 168-180.
    3. Zhang, Guangxu & Wei, Xuezhe & Tang, Xuan & Zhu, Jiangong & Chen, Siqi & Dai, Haifeng, 2021. "Internal short circuit mechanisms, experimental approaches and detection methods of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Li, Kuijie & Gao, Xinlei & Peng, Shijian & Wang, Shengshi & Zhang, Weixin & Liu, Peng & Wu, Weixiong & Wang, Huizhi & Wang, Yu & Feng, Xuning & Cao, Yuan-cheng & Wen, Jinyu & Cheng, Shijie & Ouyang, M, 2024. "A comparative study on multidimensional signal evolution during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries with various cathode materials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    2. Li, Kuijie & Gao, Xinlei & Wang, Shengshi & Peng, Shijian & Zhang, Weixin & Wu, Weixiong & Wang, Huizhi & Liu, Peng & Han, Xuebing & Cao, Yuan-cheng & Wen, Jinyu & Cheng, Shijie & Ouyang, Minggao, 2024. "Comparative analysis of multidimensional signals evolution in prismatic and pouch LiFePO4 batteries under thermal abuse," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    3. Chen, Long & Li, Kuijie & Cao, Yuan-cheng & Feng, Xuning & Wu, Weixiong, 2025. "Multidimensional signal fusion strategy for battery thermal runaway warning towards multiple application scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    4. Chen, Siqi & Wei, Xuezhe & Zhu, Zhehui & Wu, Hang & Ou, Yuxin & Zhang, Guangxu & Wang, Xueyuan & Zhu, Jiangong & Feng, Xuning & Dai, Haifeng & Ouyang, Minggao, 2024. "Thermal runaway front propagation characteristics, modeling and judging criteria for multi-jelly roll prismatic lithium-ion battery applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    5. Yi, Yahui & Xia, Chengyu & Shi, Lei & Meng, Leifeng & Chi, Qifu & Qian, Liqin & Ma, Tiancai & Chen, Siqi, 2024. "Lithium-ion battery expansion mechanism and Gaussian process regression based state of charge estimation with expansion characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).

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