IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v207y2025ics1364032124006488.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Recent advances in model-based fault diagnosis for lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Author

Listed:
  • Xu, Yiming
  • Ge, Xiaohua
  • Guo, Ruohan
  • Shen, Weixiang

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have found wide applications in a variety of fields such as electrified transportation, stationary storage and portable electronics devices. A battery management system (BMS) is critical to ensure the reliability, efficiency and longevity of LIBs. Recent research has witnessed the emergence of model-based fault diagnosis methods for LIBs in advanced BMSs. This paper provides a comprehensive review on these methods. Different from the existing reviews focusing on the minute details of the methods, this review systematically explores the model-based fault diagnosis framework along with an in-depth examination of its critical components. Based on a general state-space battery model, the study elaborates on the formulation of state vectors, the identification of model parameters, the analysis of fault mechanisms, and the evaluation of modeling uncertainties. Following this foundational work, various state observers and their algorithm implementations are designed for fault diagnosis, with a focus on design characteristics, the importance of selecting appropriate observers for specific applications, and highlighting the advantages and limitations of different fault diagnosis methods in practical applications. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges and outlook in model-based fault diagnosis methods, envisioning their possible future research directions.

Suggested Citation

  • Xu, Yiming & Ge, Xiaohua & Guo, Ruohan & Shen, Weixiang, 2025. "Recent advances in model-based fault diagnosis for lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:207:y:2025:i:c:s1364032124006488
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114922
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032124006488
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114922?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tanim, Tanvir R. & Rahn, Christopher D. & Wang, Chao-Yang, 2015. "State of charge estimation of a lithium ion cell based on a temperature dependent and electrolyte enhanced single particle model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 731-739.
    2. Xu, Jun & Wang, Haitao & Shi, Hu & Mei, Xuesong, 2020. "Multi-scale short circuit resistance estimation method for series connected battery strings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    3. Xu, Yiming & Ge, Xiaohua & Shen, Weixiang, 2024. "Multi-objective nonlinear observer design for multi-fault detection of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    4. Zhentong Liu & Hongwen He, 2015. "Model-based Sensor Fault Diagnosis of a Lithium-ion Battery in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-19, June.
    5. An, Zhoujian & Zhao, Yabing & Du, Xiaoze & Shi, Tianlu & Zhang, Dong, 2023. "Experimental research on thermal-electrical behavior and mechanism during external short circuit for LiFePO4 Li-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    6. Li, Shuangqi & He, Hongwen & Zhao, Pengfei & Cheng, Shuang, 2022. "Data cleaning and restoring method for vehicle battery big data platform," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    7. Li, Xiaoyu & Fan, Guodong & Rizzoni, Giorgio & Canova, Marcello & Zhu, Chunbo & Wei, Guo, 2016. "A simplified multi-particle model for lithium ion batteries via a predictor-corrector strategy and quasi-linearization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 154-169.
    8. Minhwan Seo & Taedong Goh & Minjun Park & Sang Woo Kim, 2018. "Detection Method for Soft Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Extracting Open Circuit Voltage of Faulted Cell," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-18, June.
    9. Dai, Haifeng & Jiang, Bo & Hu, Xiaosong & Lin, Xianke & Wei, Xuezhe & Pecht, Michael, 2021. "Advanced battery management strategies for a sustainable energy future: Multilayer design concepts and research trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    10. Zheng, Fangdan & Xing, Yinjiao & Jiang, Jiuchun & Sun, Bingxiang & Kim, Jonghoon & Pecht, Michael, 2016. "Influence of different open circuit voltage tests on state of charge online estimation for lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 513-525.
    11. Xiaosong Hu & Fengchun Sun & Yuan Zou, 2010. "Estimation of State of Charge of a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Using an Adaptive Luenberger Observer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 3(9), pages 1-18, September.
    12. Qiao, Dongdong & Wei, Xuezhe & Fan, Wenjun & Jiang, Bo & Lai, Xin & Zheng, Yuejiu & Tang, Xiaolin & Dai, Haifeng, 2022. "Toward safe carbon–neutral transportation: Battery internal short circuit diagnosis based on cloud data for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    13. Yao, Jiachi & Han, Te, 2023. "Data-driven lithium-ion batteries capacity estimation based on deep transfer learning using partial segment of charging/discharging data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    14. Ning, Bo & Cao, Binggang & Wang, Bin & Zou, Zhongyue, 2018. "Adaptive sliding mode observers for lithium-ion battery state estimation based on parameters identified online," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 732-742.
    15. Xiong, Rui & Huang, Jintao & Duan, Yanzhou & Shen, Weixiang, 2022. "Enhanced Lithium-ion battery model considering critical surface charge behavior," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    16. Jiangong Zhu & Yixiu Wang & Yuan Huang & R. Bhushan Gopaluni & Yankai Cao & Michael Heere & Martin J. MĂĽhlbauer & Liuda Mereacre & Haifeng Dai & Xinhua Liu & Anatoliy Senyshyn & Xuezhe Wei & Michael K, 2022. "Data-driven capacity estimation of commercial lithium-ion batteries from voltage relaxation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-10, December.
    17. Zhu, Qiao & Xu, Mengen & Liu, Weiqun & Zheng, Mengqian, 2019. "A state of charge estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on fractional order adaptive extended kalman filter," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    18. Li, Changlong & Cui, Naxin & Wang, Chunyu & Zhang, Chenghui, 2021. "Reduced-order electrochemical model for lithium-ion battery with domain decomposition and polynomial approximation methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    19. Ding, Xiaofeng & Zhang, Donghuai & Cheng, Jiawei & Wang, Binbin & Luk, Patrick Chi Kwong, 2019. "An improved Thevenin model of lithium-ion battery with high accuracy for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    20. Farmann, Alexander & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2018. "Comparative study of reduced order equivalent circuit models for on-board state-of-available-power prediction of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 1102-1122.
    21. Deng, Zhongwei & Yang, Lin & Deng, Hao & Cai, Yishan & Li, Dongdong, 2018. "Polynomial approximation pseudo-two-dimensional battery model for online application in embedded battery management system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 838-850.
    22. Deng, Zhongwei & Hu, Xiaosong & Lin, Xianke & Che, Yunhong & Xu, Le & Guo, Wenchao, 2020. "Data-driven state of charge estimation for lithium-ion battery packs based on Gaussian process regression," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    23. Yang, Fangfang & Zhang, Shaohui & Li, Weihua & Miao, Qiang, 2020. "State-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using LSTM and UKF," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    24. Liu, Zhentong & He, Hongwen, 2017. "Sensor fault detection and isolation for a lithium-ion battery pack in electric vehicles using adaptive extended Kalman filter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 2033-2044.
    25. Yang, Jufeng & Cai, Yingfeng & Mi, Chris, 2022. "Lithium-ion battery capacity estimation based on battery surface temperature change under constant-current charge scenario," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    26. Yu, Quanqing & Dai, Lei & Xiong, Rui & Chen, Zeyu & Zhang, Xin & Shen, Weixiang, 2022. "Current sensor fault diagnosis method based on an improved equivalent circuit battery model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    27. Feng, Xuning & Weng, Caihao & Ouyang, Minggao & Sun, Jing, 2016. "Online internal short circuit detection for a large format lithium ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 168-180.
    28. He, Xitian & Sun, Bingxiang & Zhang, Weige & Fan, Xinyuan & Su, Xiaojia & Ruan, Haijun, 2022. "Multi-time scale variable-order equivalent circuit model for virtual battery considering initial polarization condition of lithium-ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    29. Zhao, Yang & Liu, Peng & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Hong, Jichao, 2017. "Fault and defect diagnosis of battery for electric vehicles based on big data analysis methods," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 354-362.
    30. Zhang, Guangxu & Wei, Xuezhe & Tang, Xuan & Zhu, Jiangong & Chen, Siqi & Dai, Haifeng, 2021. "Internal short circuit mechanisms, experimental approaches and detection methods of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    31. Yang, Ruixin & Xiong, Rui & He, Hongwen & Mu, Hao & Wang, Chun, 2017. "A novel method on estimating the degradation and state of charge of lithium-ion batteries used for electrical vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 336-345.
    32. Chen, Zeyu & Zhang, Bo & Xiong, Rui & Shen, Weixiang & Yu, Quanqing, 2021. "Electro-thermal coupling model of lithium-ion batteries under external short circuit," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    33. Shen, Dongxu & Lyu, Chao & Yang, Dazhi & Hinds, Gareth & Wang, Lixin, 2023. "Connection fault diagnosis for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles based on mechanical vibration signals and broad belief network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    34. Kang, Yongzhe & Duan, Bin & Zhou, Zhongkai & Shang, Yunlong & Zhang, Chenghui, 2020. "Online multi-fault detection and diagnosis for battery packs in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    35. Li, Da & Zhang, Lei & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Liu, Peng & Deng, Junjun & Wang, Qiushi & Wang, Zhenpo, 2023. "Battery safety issue detection in real-world electric vehicles by integrated modeling and voltage abnormality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    36. Zhang, Shuzhi & Jiang, Shiyong & Wang, Hongxia & Zhang, Xiongwen, 2022. "A novel dual time-scale voltage sensor fault detection and isolation method for series-connected lithium-ion battery pack," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    37. Ma, Mina & Wang, Yu & Duan, Qiangling & Wu, Tangqin & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2018. "Fault detection of the connection of lithium-ion power batteries in series for electric vehicles based on statistical analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 745-756.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yu, Quanqing & Dai, Lei & Xiong, Rui & Chen, Zeyu & Zhang, Xin & Shen, Weixiang, 2022. "Current sensor fault diagnosis method based on an improved equivalent circuit battery model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    2. Xiong, Rui & Sun, Wanzhou & Yu, Quanqing & Sun, Fengchun, 2020. "Research progress, challenges and prospects of fault diagnosis on battery system of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    3. Zhao, Xinze & Sun, Bingxiang & Zhang, Weige & He, Xitian & Ma, Shichang & Zhang, Junwei & Liu, Xiaopeng, 2024. "Error theory study on EKF-based SOC and effective error estimation strategy for Li-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    4. Xu, Yiming & Ge, Xiaohua & Shen, Weixiang, 2024. "Multi-objective nonlinear observer design for multi-fault detection of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    5. Li, Da & Deng, Junjun & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Liu, Peng & Wang, Zhenpo, 2023. "Multi-dimension statistical analysis and selection of safety-representing features for battery pack in real-world electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).
    6. Yang, Qifan & Sun, Jinlei & Kang, Yongzhe & Ma, Hongzhong & Duan, Dawei, 2023. "Internal short circuit detection and evaluation in battery packs based on transformation matrix and an improved state-space model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    7. Park, Shina & Song, Youngbin & Kim, Sang Woo, 2024. "Simultaneous diagnosis of cell aging and internal short circuit faults in lithium-ion batteries using average leakage interval," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    8. Shen, Dongxu & Yang, Dazhi & Lyu, Chao & Ma, Jingyan & Hinds, Gareth & Sun, Qingmin & Du, Limei & Wang, Lixin, 2024. "Multi-sensor multi-mode fault diagnosis for lithium-ion battery packs with time series and discriminative features," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    9. Sun, Daoming & Yu, Xiaoli & Wang, Chongming & Zhang, Cheng & Huang, Rui & Zhou, Quan & Amietszajew, Taz & Bhagat, Rohit, 2021. "State of charge estimation for lithium-ion battery based on an Intelligent Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter with improved noise estimator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    10. Gao, Yizhao & Zhu, Chong & Zhang, Xi & Guo, Bangjun, 2021. "Implementation and evaluation of a practical electrochemical- thermal model of lithium-ion batteries for EV battery management system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    11. Sun, Zhenyu & Han, Yang & Wang, Zhenpo & Chen, Yong & Liu, Peng & Qin, Zian & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Wu, Zhiqiang & Song, Chunbao, 2022. "Detection of voltage fault in the battery system of electric vehicles using statistical analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    12. Ma, Mina & Wang, Yu & Duan, Qiangling & Wu, Tangqin & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2018. "Fault detection of the connection of lithium-ion power batteries in series for electric vehicles based on statistical analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 745-756.
    13. Muhammad Umair Ali & Amad Zafar & Sarvar Hussain Nengroo & Sadam Hussain & Muhammad Junaid Alvi & Hee-Je Kim, 2019. "Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-33, January.
    14. Shen, Dongxu & Lyu, Chao & Yang, Dazhi & Hinds, Gareth & Wang, Lixin, 2023. "Connection fault diagnosis for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles based on mechanical vibration signals and broad belief network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    15. Yao, Lei & Dai, Huilin & Xiao, Yanqiu & Zhao, Changsheng & Fei, Zhigen & Cui, Guangzhen & Zhang, Longhai, 2024. "An intelligent diagnosis method for battery pack connection faults based on multiple correlation analysis and adaptive fusion decision-making," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(C).
    16. Bosong Zou & Lisheng Zhang & Xiaoqing Xue & Rui Tan & Pengchang Jiang & Bin Ma & Zehua Song & Wei Hua, 2023. "A Review on the Fault and Defect Diagnosis of Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-19, July.
    17. Liu, Qiquan & Ma, Jian & Zhao, Xuan & Zhang, Kai & Meng, Dean & Jiao, Zhipeng, 2024. "Fault diagnosis of early internal short circuit for power battery systems based on the evolution of the cell charging voltage slope in variable voltage window," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 376(PB).
    18. Wei, Jingwen & Chen, Chunlin, 2021. "A multi-timescale framework for state monitoring and lifetime prognosis of lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    19. Zhang, Shuzhi & Zhang, Chen & Jiang, Shiyong & Zhang, Xiongwen, 2022. "A comparative study of different adaptive extended/unscented Kalman filters for lithium-ion battery state-of-charge estimation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    20. Liu, Qiquan & Ma, Jian & Zhao, Xuan & Zhang, Kai & Meng, Dean, 2023. "Online diagnosis and prediction of power battery voltage comprehensive faults for electric vehicles based on multi-parameter characterization and improved K-means method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:207:y:2025:i:c:s1364032124006488. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.