IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v108y2019icp11-31.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Automatic generation control for the flexible operation of multimodular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plants

Author

Listed:
  • Dong, Zhe
  • Liu, Miao
  • Zhang, Zuoyi
  • Dong, Yujie
  • Huang, Xiaojin

Abstract

To balance the intermittent renewable energy (IRE) and to realize its deep penetration, it is necessary for nuclear power plants (NPPs) to operate with enough flexibility. This necessity leads to the concerned questions such as which types of nuclear reactors are suitable for flexible operation and how to realize the operational flexibility of NPPs. In this paper, based on literature review and related analysis, it is shown that the modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR) is suitable for balancing IRE because of the advanced features such as robust fuel elements, online fuel handling, low power density and full-power-range temperature negative feedback effect. Due to the low power density, the power rating of a single MHTGR is lower than those large commercial pressurized water reactors (PWRs). To balance IRE by MHTGRs in a scalable manner, it is recommended to develop NPPs with high rated power based on multimodular scheme, i.e. multiple MHTGR-based nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) modules providing superheated steam for a common turbine. Further, to realize the flexible operation of MHTGR for deep IRE penetration, the automatic generation control (AGC) of multimodular MHTGR plants should be developed. In this paper, two AGC methods including both the adaptive AGC and extended-state-observer (ESO) based AGC are proposed, where the former one has a simple proportional-integral (PI) structure, and the latter one has an additional feedforward compensating action determined by the ESO. The corresponding control system of multimodular MHTGR plants is also designed, which is composed of the units of NSSS control, multimodular coordination control, turbine speed governor (TSG) and AGC. The AGC methods as well as the plant control system design with AGC function are then applied to two modular MHTGR plant HTR-PM. Numerical simulation results show that the newly-built multimodular control system can well stabilize the grid frequency by properly performing the power-level maneuver and maintenance of NSSS modules, and also show that the ESO-based AGC has a better frequency stabilization performance than the adaptive AGC does.

Suggested Citation

  • Dong, Zhe & Liu, Miao & Zhang, Zuoyi & Dong, Yujie & Huang, Xiaojin, 2019. "Automatic generation control for the flexible operation of multimodular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 11-31.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:108:y:2019:i:c:p:11-31
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.044
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119301844
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.044?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Jia & Liu, Feng & Li, Zuyi & Shao, Chengcheng & Liu, Xinyuan, 2018. "Grid-side flexibility of power systems in integrating large-scale renewable generations: A critical review on concepts, formulations and solution approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 272-284.
    2. Lykidi, Maria & Gourdel, Pascal, 2015. "How to manage flexible nuclear power plants in a deregulated electricity market from the point of view of social welfare?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 167-180.
    3. Dong, Zhe & Pan, Yifei & Zhang, Zuoyi & Dong, Yujie & Huang, Xiaojin, 2018. "Dynamical modeling and simulation of the six-modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plant HTR-PM600," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 971-991.
    4. Maria Lykidi & Pascal Gourdel, 2017. "Optimal management of flexible nuclear power plants in a decarbonising competitive electricity market: The French case," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) hal-03659252, HAL.
    5. Kneiske, T.M. & Braun, M. & Hidalgo-Rodriguez, D.I., 2018. "A new combined control algorithm for PV-CHP hybrid systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 964-973.
    6. Zhao, Yongliang & Wang, Chaoyang & Liu, Ming & Chong, Daotong & Yan, Junjie, 2018. "Improving operational flexibility by regulating extraction steam of high-pressure heaters on a 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant: A dynamic simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 1295-1309.
    7. Qadrdan, Meysam & Cheng, Meng & Wu, Jianzhong & Jenkins, Nick, 2017. "Benefits of demand-side response in combined gas and electricity networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 360-369.
    8. Cany, Camille & Mansilla, Christine & da Costa, Pascal & Mathonnière, Gilles & Duquesnoy, Thierry & Baschwitz, Anne, 2016. "Nuclear and intermittent renewables: Two compatible supply options? The case of the French power mix," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 135-146.
    9. Jain, Shashi & Roelofs, Ferry & Oosterlee, Cornelis W., 2013. "Valuing modular nuclear power plants in finite time decision horizon," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 625-636.
    10. Wang, Yi & Cheng, Jiangnan & Zhang, Ning & Kang, Chongqing, 2018. "Automatic and linearized modeling of energy hub and its flexibility analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 705-714.
    11. Locatelli, Giorgio & Boarin, Sara & Pellegrino, Francesco & Ricotti, Marco E., 2015. "Load following with Small Modular Reactors (SMR): A real options analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 41-54.
    12. Kondziella, Hendrik & Bruckner, Thomas, 2016. "Flexibility requirements of renewable energy based electricity systems – a review of research results and methodologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 10-22.
    13. Dong, Zhe & Pan, Yifei & Zhang, Zuoyi & Dong, Yujie & Huang, Xiaojin, 2017. "Model-free adaptive control law for nuclear superheated-steam supply systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 53-67.
    14. Garcia, Humberto E. & Mohanty, Amit & Lin, Wen-Chiao & Cherry, Robert S., 2013. "Dynamic analysis of hybrid energy systems under flexible operation and variable renewable generation – Part II: Dynamic cost analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 17-26.
    15. Muhssin, Mazin T. & Cipcigan, Liana M. & Sami, Saif Sabah & Obaid, Zeyad Assi, 2018. "Potential of demand side response aggregation for the stabilization of the grids frequency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 643-656.
    16. Li, Gang & Wang, Xueqian & Liang, Bin & Li, Xiu & Zhang, Bo & Zou, Yu, 2016. "Modeling and control of nuclear reactor cores for electricity generation: A review of advanced technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 116-128.
    17. Vithayasrichareon, Peerapat & Riesz, Jenny & MacGill, Iain, 2017. "Operational flexibility of future generation portfolios with high renewables," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 32-41.
    18. Popov, Dimityr & Borissova, Ana, 2017. "Innovative configuration of a hybrid nuclear-solar tower power plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 736-746.
    19. Vujić, Jasmina & Bergmann, Ryan M. & Škoda, Radek & Miletić, Marija, 2012. "Small modular reactors: Simpler, safer, cheaper?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 288-295.
    20. Alizadeh, M.I. & Parsa Moghaddam, M. & Amjady, N. & Siano, P. & Sheikh-El-Eslami, M.K., 2016. "Flexibility in future power systems with high renewable penetration: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1186-1193.
    21. Pascal Gourdel & Maria Lykidi, 2015. "How to manage flexible nuclear power plants in a deregulated electricity market from the point of view of social welfare?," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) hal-01477134, HAL.
    22. Almansoori, Ali & Betancourt-Torcat, Alberto, 2015. "Design optimization model for the integration of renewable and nuclear energy in the United Arab Emirates’ power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 234-251.
    23. Shropshire, David & Purvins, Arturs & Papaioannou, Ioulia & Maschio, Isabella, 2012. "Benefits and cost implications from integrating small flexible nuclear reactors with off-shore wind farms in a virtual power plant," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 558-573.
    24. Jenkins, J.D. & Zhou, Z. & Ponciroli, R. & Vilim, R.B. & Ganda, F. & de Sisternes, F. & Botterud, A., 2018. "The benefits of nuclear flexibility in power system operations with renewable energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 872-884.
    25. Garcia, Humberto E. & Mohanty, Amit & Lin, Wen-Chiao & Cherry, Robert S., 2013. "Dynamic analysis of hybrid energy systems under flexible operation and variable renewable generation – Part I: Dynamic performance analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1-16.
    26. Cany, C. & Mansilla, C. & Mathonnière, G. & da Costa, P., 2018. "Nuclear power supply: Going against the misconceptions. Evidence of nuclear flexibility from the French experience," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 289-296.
    27. Hirth, Lion, 2016. "The benefits of flexibility: The value of wind energy with hydropower," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 210-223.
    28. Iyer, Gokul & Hultman, Nathan & Fetter, Steve & Kim, Son H., 2014. "Implications of small modular reactors for climate change mitigation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 144-154.
    29. Rowinski, Marcin Karol & White, Timothy John & Zhao, Jiyun, 2015. "Small and Medium sized Reactors (SMR): A review of technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 643-656.
    30. Garcia, Humberto E. & Chen, Jun & Kim, Jong S. & Vilim, Richard B. & Binder, William R. & Bragg Sitton, Shannon M. & Boardman, Richard D. & McKellar, Michael G. & Paredis, Christiaan J.J., 2016. "Dynamic performance analysis of two regional Nuclear Hybrid Energy Systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 234-258.
    31. Baker, T.E. & Epiney, A.S. & Rabiti, C. & Shittu, E., 2018. "Optimal sizing of flexible nuclear hybrid energy system components considering wind volatility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 498-508.
    32. Ding, Yi & Shao, Changzheng & Yan, Jinyue & Song, Yonghua & Zhang, Chi & Guo, Chuangxin, 2018. "Economical flexibility options for integrating fluctuating wind energy in power systems: The case of China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 426-436.
    33. Zhe Dong & Yifei Pan & Zuoyi Zhang & Yujie Dong & Xiaojin Huang, 2017. "Modeling and Control of Fluid Flow Networks with Application to a Nuclear-Solar Hybrid Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-21, November.
    34. Zhao, Bing-chen & Cheng, Mao-song & Liu, Chang & Dai, Zhi-min, 2018. "System-level performance optimization of molten-salt packed-bed thermal energy storage for concentrating solar power," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 225-239.
    35. Dong, Zhe & Pan, Yifei, 2018. "A lumped-parameter dynamical model of a nuclear heating reactor cogeneration plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 638-656.
    36. Brouwer, Anne Sjoerd & van den Broek, Machteld & Seebregts, Ad & Faaij, André, 2015. "Operational flexibility and economics of power plants in future low-carbon power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 107-128.
    37. Lakshmanan, Venkatachalam & Marinelli, Mattia & Hu, Junjie & Bindner, Henrik W., 2016. "Provision of secondary frequency control via demand response activation on thermostatically controlled loads: Solutions and experiences from Denmark," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 470-480.
    38. Lykidi, Maria & Gourdel, Pascal, 2017. "Optimal management of flexible nuclear power plants in a decarbonising competitive electricity market: The French case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 171-185.
    39. Zhe Dong, 2016. "Model-Free Coordinated Control for MHTGR-Based Nuclear Steam Supply Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-14, January.
    40. Zheng, Jinfu & Zhou, Zhigang & Zhao, Jianing & Wang, Jinda, 2018. "Integrated heat and power dispatch truly utilizing thermal inertia of district heating network for wind power integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 865-874.
    41. Lund, Peter D. & Lindgren, Juuso & Mikkola, Jani & Salpakari, Jyri, 2015. "Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 785-807.
    42. Ameli, Hossein & Qadrdan, Meysam & Strbac, Goran, 2017. "Value of gas network infrastructure flexibility in supporting cost effective operation of power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 571-580.
    43. Ramana, M.V. & Hopkins, Laura Berzak & Glaser, Alexander, 2013. "Licensing small modular reactors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 555-564.
    44. Maria Lykidi & Pascal Gourdel, 2017. "Optimal management of flexible nuclear power plants in a decarbonising competitive electricity market: The French case," Post-Print hal-03659252, HAL.
    45. Pascal Gourdel & Maria Lykidi, 2015. "How to manage flexible nuclear power plants in a deregulated electricity market from the point of view of social welfare?," Post-Print hal-01477134, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhe Dong & Zhonghua Cheng & Yunlong Zhu & Xiaojin Huang & Yujie Dong & Zuoyi Zhang, 2023. "Review on the Recent Progress in Nuclear Plant Dynamical Modeling and Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-19, February.
    2. Dong, Zhe & Cheng, Zhonghua & Zhu, Yunlong & Huang, Xiaojin & Dong, Yujie & Zhang, Zuoyi, 2023. "Coordinated control of mHTGR-based nuclear steam supply systems considering cold helium temperature," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    3. Li, Bin & Wang, Shuai & Li, Botong & Li, Hongbo & Wu, Jianzhong, 2023. "Optimal performance evaluation of thermal AGC units based on multi-dimensional feature analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    4. Dong, Zhe & Li, Bowen & Li, Junyi & Guo, Zhiwu & Huang, Xiaojin & Zhang, Yajun & Zhang, Zuoyi, 2021. "Flexible control of nuclear cogeneration plants for balancing intermittent renewables," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    5. Dong, Zhe & Li, Bowen & Huang, Xiaojin & Dong, Yujie & Zhang, Zuoyi, 2022. "Power-pressure coordinated control of modular high temperature gas-cooled reactors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    6. Wu, Shifa & Ma, Xiaolong & Liu, Junfeng & Wan, Jiashuang & Wang, Pengfei & Su, G.H., 2023. "A load following control strategy for Chinese Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor HTR-PM," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    7. Zhang, Tianhao & Dong, Zhe & Huang, Xiaojin, 2024. "Multi-objective optimization of thermal power and outlet steam temperature for a nuclear steam supply system with deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    8. Jiang, Di & Dong, Zhe, 2020. "Dynamic matrix control for thermal power of multi-modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    9. Hui, Jiuwu & Lee, Yi-Kuen & Yuan, Jingqi, 2023. "Load following control of a PWR with load-dependent parameters and perturbations via fixed-time fractional-order sliding mode and disturbance observer techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Dong, Zhe & Li, Bowen & Li, Junyi & Guo, Zhiwu & Huang, Xiaojin & Zhang, Yajun & Zhang, Zuoyi, 2021. "Flexible control of nuclear cogeneration plants for balancing intermittent renewables," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    2. Zhe Dong & Miao Liu & Di Jiang & Xiaojin Huang & Yajun Zhang & Zuoyi Zhang, 2018. "Automatic Generation Control of Nuclear Heating Reactor Power Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-18, October.
    3. Jiang, Di & Dong, Zhe, 2020. "Dynamic matrix control for thermal power of multi-modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    4. Dong, Zhe & Zhang, Zuoyi & Dong, Yujie & Huang, Xiaojin, 2018. "Multi-layer perception based model predictive control for the thermal power of nuclear superheated-steam supply systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 116-125.
    5. Dong, Zhe & Pan, Yifei & Zhang, Zuoyi & Dong, Yujie & Huang, Xiaojin, 2018. "Dynamical modeling and simulation of the six-modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plant HTR-PM600," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 971-991.
    6. Dong, Zhe & Pan, Yifei & Zhang, Zuoyi & Dong, Yujie & Huang, Xiaojin, 2017. "Model-free adaptive control law for nuclear superheated-steam supply systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 53-67.
    7. Zhe Dong & Yifei Pan & Zuoyi Zhang & Yujie Dong & Xiaojin Huang, 2017. "Modeling and Control of Fluid Flow Networks with Application to a Nuclear-Solar Hybrid Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-21, November.
    8. Michaelson, D. & Jiang, J., 2021. "Review of integration of small modular reactors in renewable energy microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    9. Alhadhrami, Saeed & Soto, Gabriel J & Lindley, Ben, 2023. "Dispatch analysis of flexible power operation with multi-unit small modular reactors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    10. Dong, Zhe & Pan, Yifei, 2018. "A lumped-parameter dynamical model of a nuclear heating reactor cogeneration plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 638-656.
    11. Jun Zhao & Bo Shen, 2019. "The Strategies for Improving Energy Efficiency of Power System with Increasing Share of Wind Power in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-22, June.
    12. Jiang, Di & Dong, Zhe, 2019. "Practical dynamic matrix control of MHTGR-based nuclear steam supply systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 695-707.
    13. Cany, C. & Mansilla, C. & Mathonnière, G. & da Costa, P., 2018. "Nuclear contribution to the penetration of variable renewable energy sources in a French decarbonised power mix," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 544-555.
    14. Yunlong Zhu & Zhe Dong & Xiaojin Huang & Yujie Dong & Yajun Zhang & Zuoyi Zhang, 2022. "Passivity-Based Power-Level Control of Nuclear Reactors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-11, July.
    15. Epiney, A. & Rabiti, C. & Talbot, P. & Alfonsi, A., 2020. "Economic analysis of a nuclear hybrid energy system in a stochastic environment including wind turbines in an electricity grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    16. Teirilä, Juha, 2020. "The value of the nuclear power plant fleet in the German power market under the expansion of fluctuating renewables," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    17. Dong, Zhe & Liu, Miao & Guo, Zhiwu & Huang, Xiaojin & Zhang, Yajun & Zhang, Zuoyi, 2019. "Adaptive state-observer for monitoring flexible nuclear reactors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 893-909.
    18. Abdilahi, Abdirahman M. & Mustafa, Mohd Wazir & Abujarad, Saleh Y. & Mustapha, Mamunu, 2018. "Harnessing flexibility potential of flexible carbon capture power plants for future low carbon power systems: Review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 3101-3110.
    19. Antonelli, Marco & Desideri, Umberto & Franco, Alessandro, 2018. "Effects of large scale penetration of renewables: The Italian case in the years 2008–2015," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 3090-3100.
    20. Lauer, Markus & Thrän, Daniela, 2017. "Biogas plants and surplus generation: Cost driver or reducer in the future German electricity system?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 324-336.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:108:y:2019:i:c:p:11-31. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.