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Provision of secondary frequency control via demand response activation on thermostatically controlled loads: Solutions and experiences from Denmark

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  • Lakshmanan, Venkatachalam
  • Marinelli, Mattia
  • Hu, Junjie
  • Bindner, Henrik W.

Abstract

This paper studies the provision of secondary frequency control in electric power systems based on demand response (DR) activation on thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) and quantifies the computation resource constraints for the control of large TCL population. Since TCLs are fast responsive loads, they represent a suitable alternative to conventional sources for providing such control. An experimental investigation with domestic fridges representing the TCLs was conducted in an islanded power system to evaluate the secondary frequency control. The investigation quantifies the flexibility of household fridge performance in terms of response time and ramp-up rate, as well as the impact on fridge temperature and behaviour after the control period. The experimental results show that TCLs are fast responsive loads for DR activation, with the average control signal response time of 24s and an equivalent ramping rate of 63% per minute, which could also comply with the requirements for primary frequency control.

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  • Lakshmanan, Venkatachalam & Marinelli, Mattia & Hu, Junjie & Bindner, Henrik W., 2016. "Provision of secondary frequency control via demand response activation on thermostatically controlled loads: Solutions and experiences from Denmark," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 470-480.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:173:y:2016:i:c:p:470-480
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.054
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    15. Deepak Kumar Gupta & Amitkumar V. Jha & Bhargav Appasani & Avireni Srinivasulu & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, March.
    16. Zeng, Yuan & Zhang, Ruiwen & Wang, Dong & Mu, Yunfei & Jia, Hongjie, 2019. "A regional power grid operation and planning method considering renewable energy generation and load control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 304-313.
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    18. Kai Ma & Chenliang Yuan & Jie Yang & Zhixin Liu & Xinping Guan, 2017. "Switched Control Strategies of Aggregated Commercial HVAC Systems for Demand Response in Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-18, July.
    19. Malik, Anam & Ravishankar, Jayashri, 2018. "A hybrid control approach for regulating frequency through demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 1347-1362.
    20. Sossan, Fabrizio, 2017. "Equivalent electricity storage capacity of domestic thermostatically controlled loads," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 767-778.
    21. Yuan, Zhao & Hesamzadeh, Mohammad Reza, 2017. "Hierarchical coordination of TSO-DSO economic dispatch considering large-scale integration of distributed energy resources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 600-615.
    22. Behboodi, Sahand & Chassin, David P. & Djilali, Ned & Crawford, Curran, 2017. "Interconnection-wide hour-ahead scheduling in the presence of intermittent renewables and demand response: A surplus maximizing approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 336-351.
    23. Liu, Hui & Wang, Bin & Wang, Ni & Wu, Qiuwei & Yang, Yude & Wei, Hua & Li, Canbing, 2018. "Enabling strategies of electric vehicles for under frequency load shedding," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 843-851.
    24. Dong, Zhe & Liu, Miao & Zhang, Zuoyi & Dong, Yujie & Huang, Xiaojin, 2019. "Automatic generation control for the flexible operation of multimodular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 11-31.
    25. Oshnoei, Arman & Kheradmandi, Morteza & Blaabjerg, Frede & Hatziargyriou, Nikos D. & Muyeen, S.M. & Anvari-Moghaddam, Amjad, 2022. "Coordinated control scheme for provision of frequency regulation service by virtual power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).

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