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Waste paper-derived magnetic carbon composite: A novel eco-friendly solid acid for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from furfuryl alcohol

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  • Yang, Jinfan
  • Ao, Zhifeng
  • Wu, Hao
  • Zhang, Sufeng
  • Chi, Concong
  • Hou, Chen
  • Qian, Liwei

Abstract

Waste paper, a promising renewable source of cellulose, was successfully prepared into a magnetic carbonaceous solid acid (SMWP) via a facile and integrated impregnation-pyrolysis–sulfonation process. The resultant catalyst was confirmed to possess a porous structure with a high surface area, various oxygen-containing functional groups and contain Fe3O4 components. The SMWP catalyst also exhibited a high catalytic activity in the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol with n-butanol, up to 90.6% yield of n-butyl levulinate and 100% conversion of furfuryl alcohol was achieved by optimizing the reaction conditions. In comparison with other solid acids such as HZSM-5 zeolite and Nafion-212 resin, the better performance of SMWP could be explained by its strong acidity and good affinity to furfuryl alcohol, which results from the synergistic effect of SO3H, COOH and phenolic OH groups on the carbon surface. Moreover, the catalyst could be easily recycled with an external magnet and reused 7 times without a distinct loss of activity. The findings in this work provided an environmentally friendly manner for waste paper utilization and fuel additive production.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Jinfan & Ao, Zhifeng & Wu, Hao & Zhang, Sufeng & Chi, Concong & Hou, Chen & Qian, Liwei, 2020. "Waste paper-derived magnetic carbon composite: A novel eco-friendly solid acid for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from furfuryl alcohol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 477-483.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:146:y:2020:i:c:p:477-483
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.167
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dawodu, Folasegun A. & Ayodele, Olubunmi & Xin, Jiayu & Zhang, Suojiang & Yan, Dongxia, 2014. "Effective conversion of non-edible oil with high free fatty acid into biodiesel by sulphonated carbon catalyst," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 819-826.
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    3. Ngaosuwan, Kanokwan & Goodwin, James G. & Prasertdham, Piyasan, 2016. "A green sulfonated carbon-based catalyst derived from coffee residue for esterification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 262-269.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tian, Hongli & Shao, Yuewen & Liang, Chuanfei & Xu, Qing & Zhang, Lijun & Zhang, Shu & Liu, Shuhua & Hu, Xun, 2020. "Sulfated attapulgite for catalyzing the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate: Impacts of sulfonation on structural transformation and evolution of acidic sites on the catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1576-1586.
    2. Wang, Ruoqing & Shen, Feng & Tang, Yiwei & Guo, Haixin & Lee Smith, Richard & Qi, Xinhua, 2021. "Selective conversion of furfuryl alcohol to levulinic acid by SO3H-containing silica nanoflower in GVL/H2O system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 124-132.

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