IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/lauspo/v75y2018icp459-467.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Empirical analysis of factors influencing farmers crop insurance decisions in Pakistan: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province

Author

Listed:
  • Fahad, Shah
  • Wang, Jing
  • Hu, Guangyin
  • Wang, Hui
  • Yang, Xiaoying
  • Shah, Ashfaq Ahmad
  • Huong, Nguyen Thi Lan
  • Bilal, Arshad

Abstract

Pakistan is the world’s most susceptible country to extreme climatic events, such as floods. As such, for many years, the country has faced the risk of losses from natural calamities without crop insurance. However, in recent years, the national government has undertaken crop insurance initiatives in Pakistan. Consequently, there is limited knowledge available on the adoption of crop insurance in Pakistan. To fill this gap, this study aims to examine the factors influencing the adoption of crop insurance as a risk management strategy by Pakistani farmers. Primary data were collected from 400 farm households through a structured questionnaire in four flood-prone districts of the northwestern regions (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). A probit model was used to analyze the relationships among dependent and independent variables. Risk attitude and risk perception of floods for each farm household were calculated and used as independent variables. Age, farming experience, education level, risk perception of floods, land ownership status, landholding size, access to credit, access to information sources, agricultural extension services, and distance from river were significantly associated with farm households’ decisions to purchase crop insurance. The findings of this study are expected to guide government, insurance companies, and policymakers in implementing crop insurance. Further the government should subsidize and frame a crop insurance policy and awareness about crop insurance should be improved for betterment of small farmers.

Suggested Citation

  • Fahad, Shah & Wang, Jing & Hu, Guangyin & Wang, Hui & Yang, Xiaoying & Shah, Ashfaq Ahmad & Huong, Nguyen Thi Lan & Bilal, Arshad, 2018. "Empirical analysis of factors influencing farmers crop insurance decisions in Pakistan: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 459-467.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:75:y:2018:i:c:p:459-467
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.016
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026483771830351X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.016?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Foster, Andrew D & Rosenzweig, Mark R, 1995. "Learning by Doing and Learning from Others: Human Capital and Technical Change in Agriculture," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 103(6), pages 1176-1209, December.
    2. Gin, Xavier & Yang, Dean, 2009. "Insurance, credit, and technology adoption: Field experimental evidencefrom Malawi," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(1), pages 1-11, May.
    3. Vandeveer, Monte L., 2001. "Demand for area crop insurance among litchi producers in northern Vietnam," Agricultural Economics, Blackwell, vol. 26(2), pages 173-184, November.
    4. Xavier Giné & Robert Townsend & James Vickery, 2008. "Patterns of Rainfall Insurance Participation in Rural India," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 22(3), pages 539-566, October.
    5. Kaiyu Lyu & Thomas J. Barré, 2017. "Risk aversion in crop insurance program purchase decisions," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(1), pages 62-80, February.
    6. Sulewski, Piotr & Kłoczko-Gajewska, Anna, 2014. "Farmers’ risk perception, risk aversion and strategies to cope with production risk: an empirical study from Poland," Studies in Agricultural Economics, Research Institute for Agricultural Economics, vol. 116(3), pages 1-8, December.
    7. Fahad, Shah & Jing, Wang, 2018. "Evaluation of Pakistani farmers’ willingness to pay for crop insurance using contingent valuation method: The case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 570-577.
    8. Hongbin Cai & Yuyu Chen & Hanming Fang & Li-An Zhou, 2009. "Microinsurance, Trust and Economic Development: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Field Experiment," PIER Working Paper Archive 09-034, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania.
    9. Smith, Vincent H. & Goodwin, Barry K., 2003. "An Ex Post Evaluation of the Conservation Reserve, Federal Crop Insurance, and Other Government Programs: Program Participation and Soil Erosion," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 28(2), pages 1-16, August.
    10. Velandia, Margarita & Rejesus, Roderick M. & Knight, Thomas O. & Sherrick, Bruce J., 2009. "Factors Affecting Farmers' Utilization of Agricultural Risk Management Tools: The Case of Crop Insurance, Forward Contracting, and Spreading Sales," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 41(1), pages 107-123, April.
    11. Shaik, Saleem & Coble, Keith H. & Knight, Thomas O., 2005. "Revenue Crop Insurance Demand," 2005 Annual meeting, July 24-27, Providence, RI 19319, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    12. Sonia Akter & Roy Brouwer & Saria Choudhury & Salina Aziz, 2009. "Is there a commercially viable market for crop insurance in rural Bangladesh?," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 215-229, March.
    13. Shawn Cole & Xavier Gine & Jeremy Tobacman & Petia Topalova & Robert Townsend & James Vickery, 2013. "Barriers to Household Risk Management: Evidence from India," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(1), pages 104-135, January.
    14. Anthony Patt & Nicole Peterson & Michael Carter & Maria Velez & Ulrich Hess & Pablo Suarez, 2009. "Making index insurance attractive to farmers," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 14(8), pages 737-753, December.
    15. Goodwin, Barry K. & Mahul, Olivier, 2004. "Risk modeling concepts relating to the design and rating of agricultural insurance contracts," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3392, The World Bank.
    16. Jeffrey S. Pai & Milton S. Boyd, 2010. "A decision framework for optimal crop reinsurance selection," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 2(2), pages 148-166, May.
    17. Botzen, W.J.W. & Aerts, J.C.J.H. & van den Bergh, J.C.J.M., 2009. "Willingness of homeowners to mitigate climate risk through insurance," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(8-9), pages 2265-2277, June.
    18. Ashfaq Ahmad Shah & Jingzhong Ye & Muhammad Abid & Raza Ullah, 2017. "Determinants of flood risk mitigation strategies at household level: a case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 88(1), pages 415-430, August.
    19. Mirza Nomman Ahmed & Michael Schmitz, 2011. "Economic assessment of the impact of climate change on the agriculture of Pakistan," Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), Prague Development Center, vol. 4(1), pages 1-12, January.
    20. Jeffrey S. Pai & Milton S. Boyd, 2010. "A decision framework for optimal crop reinsurance selection," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 2(2), pages 148-166, May.
    21. Bruce J. Sherrick & Peter J. Barry & Paul N. Ellinger & Gary D. Schnitkey, 2004. "Factors Influencing Farmers' Crop Insurance Decisions," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 86(1), pages 103-114.
    22. Vincent H. Smith & Barry K. Goodwin, 1995. "The Economics of Crop Insurance and Disaster Aid," Books, American Enterprise Institute, number 53374, September.
    23. Kaliba, Aloyce R. & Verkuijl, Hugo & Mwangi, Wilfred, 2000. "Factors Affecting Adoption Of Improved Maize Seeds And Use Of Inorganic Fertilizer For Maize Production In The Intermediate And Lowland Zones Of Tanzania," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 32(1), pages 1-13, April.
    24. Akinwumi A. Adesina & Jojo Baidu‐Forson, 1995. "Farmers' perceptions and adoption of new agricultural technology: evidence from analysis in Burkina Faso and Guinea, West Africa," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, October.
    25. Black, Dawn L. & Dorfman, Jeffrey H., 2000. "Identifying Farmer Characteristics Related To Crop Insurance Purchase Decisions," 2000 Annual meeting, July 30-August 2, Tampa, FL 21831, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    26. Mohammed, M.A. & Ortmann, Gerald F., 2005. "Factors influencing adoption of livestock insurance by commercial dairy farmers in three Zobatat of Eritrea," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 44(2), pages 1-15, June.
    27. Jensen, Farrell E. & Pope, Rulon D., 2004. "Agricultural Precautionary Wealth," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 29(1), pages 1-14, April.
    28. Salvatore Di Falco & Felice Adinolfi & Martina Bozzola & Fabian Capitanio, 2014. "Crop Insurance as a Strategy for Adapting to Climate Change," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 65(2), pages 485-504, June.
    29. Kumar Gaurav & R. Sinha & P. Panda, 2011. "The Indus flood of 2010 in Pakistan: a perspective analysis using remote sensing data," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 59(3), pages 1815-1826, December.
    30. Torkamani, Javad, 2005. "Using a whole-farm modelling approach to assess prospective technologies under uncertainty," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 85(2), pages 138-154, August.
    31. Ashok Mishra & Barry Goodwin, 2006. "Revenue insurance purchase decisions of farmers," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(2), pages 149-159.
    32. Ahmed, Mirza & Schmitz, Michael, 2011. "Economic assessment of the impact of climate change on the agriculture of Pakistan," Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), Prague Development Center (PRADEC), vol. 4(1), pages 1-12, January.
    33. Kaliba, Aloyce R.M. & Verkuijl, Hugo & Mwangi, Wilfred, 2000. "Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Maize Seeds and Use of Inorganic Fertilizer for Maize Production in the Intermediate and Lowland Zones of Tanzania," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 32(1), pages 35-47, April.
    34. Adesina, Akinwumi A. & Baidu-Forson, Jojo, 1995. "Farmers' perceptions and adoption of new agricultural technology: evidence from analysis in Burkina Faso and Guinea, West Africa," Agricultural Economics, Blackwell, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, October.
    35. Vincent H. Smith & Alan E. Baquet, 1996. "The Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance: Evidence from Montana Wheat Farms," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 78(1), pages 189-201.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Richard KOENIG & Marielle BRUNETTE, 2023. "Subjective barriers and determinants to crop insurance adoption," Working Papers of BETA 2023-25, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg.
    2. Mingyue Li & Jingjing Wang & Kai Chen & Lianbei Wu, 2020. "Willingness and Behaviors of Farmers’ Green Disposal of Pesticide Packaging Waste in Henan, China: A Perceived Value Formation Mechanism Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-18, May.
    3. Fahad, Shah & Inayat, Tahira & Wang, Jianling & Dong, Li & Hu, Guangyin & Khan, Sufyanullah & Khan, Aaqil, 2020. "Farmers’ awareness level and their perceptions of climate change: A case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    4. Biglari, Tahereh & Maleksaeidi, Hamideh & Eskandari, Farzad & Jalali, Mohammad, 2019. "Livestock insurance as a mechanism for household resilience of livestock herders to climate change: Evidence from Iran," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    5. H. Holly Wang & Lu Liu & David L. Ortega & Yu Jiang & Qiujie Zheng, 2020. "Are smallholder farmers willing to pay for different types of crop insurance? An application of labelled choice experiments to Chinese corn growers," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 45(1), pages 86-110, January.
    6. De Salvo, Maria & Capitello, Roberta & Gaudenzi, Barbara & Begalli, Diego, 2019. "Risk management strategies and residual risk perception in the wine industry: A spatial analysis in Northeast Italy," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 47-62.
    7. César Salazar & Marcela Jaime & Cristián Pinto & Andrés Acuña, 2019. "Interaction between crop insurance and technology adoption decisions: The case of wheat farmers in Chile," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 63(3), pages 593-619, July.
    8. Fahad, Shah & Wang, Jianling, 2018. "Farmers’ risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in rural Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 301-309.
    9. Xiaoying Wang & Hangang Hu & Aifeng Ning & Guan Li & Xueqi Wang, 2022. "The Impact of Farmers’ Perception on Their Cultivated Land Quality Protection Behavior: A Case Study of Ningbo, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, May.
    10. Muhammad Irshad Ahmad & Hengyun Ma, 2020. "Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-31, January.
    11. Muhammad Abrar ul Haq & Jayendira P. Sankar & Farheen Akram & Muhammad Siddique, 2022. "The role of farmers’ attitude towards their resources to alleviate rural household poverty," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(4), pages 2133-2155, August.
    12. Rolandas Drejeris & Martynas Rusteika, 2022. "New Approach to the Public Authorities’ Activities Development in the Crop Insurance System: Lithuanian Case," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-15, August.
    13. Ivashkiv, Iryna & Korol, Svitlana & Lyashenko, Oksana & Sadovska, Iryna & Nadvynychnyy, Sergiy, 2021. "Financial and economic evaluation of agricultural insurance market in Ukraine," Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, vol. 7(3), September.
    14. Lyu Yarong & Chen Minpeng, 2021. "Farmers' perception on combined climatic and market risks and their adaptive behaviors: a case in Shandong Province of China," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(9), pages 13042-13061, September.
    15. Núñez, Angie Paola Bernal & Gutiérrez-Montes, Isabel & Hernández-Núñez, Héctor Eduardo & Suárez, David Ricardo Gutiérrez & García, Gustavo Adolfo Gutiérrez & Suárez, Juan Carlos & Casanoves, Fernando , 2023. "Diverse farmer livelihoods increase resilience to climate variability in southern Colombia," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    16. Birthal, Pratap S. & Hazrana, Jaweriah & Negi, Digvijay S. & Mishra, Ashok K., 2022. "Assessing benefits of crop insurance vis-a-vis irrigation in Indian agriculture," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    17. Codruţa Mare & Daniela Manaţe & Gabriela-Mihaela Mureşan & Simona Laura Dragoş & Cristian Mihai Dragoş & Alexandra-Anca Purcel, 2022. "Machine Learning Models for Predicting Romanian Farmers’ Purchase of Crop Insurance," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(19), pages 1-13, October.
    18. Rajeev, Meenakshi & Nagendran, Pranav, 2023. "Protecting land and livelihood under climate risks: What hinders crop insurance adoption?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    19. Budhathoki, Nanda Kaji & Lassa, Jonatan A. & Pun, Sirish & Zander, Kerstin K., 2019. "Farmers’ interest and willingness-to-pay for index-based crop insurance in the lowlands of Nepal," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 1-10.
    20. Jamal Shah & Majed Alharthi, 2022. "The Association between Farmers’ Psychological Factors and Their Choice to Adopt Risk Management Strategies: The Case of Pakistan," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-24, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Awais Jabbar & Qun Wu & Jianchao Peng & Ali Sher & Asma Imran & Kunpeng Wang, 2020. "Mitigating Catastrophic Risks and Food Security Threats: Effects of Land Ownership in Southern Punjab, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Antoine Leblois & Philippe Quirion, 2013. "Agricultural insurances based on meteorological indices: realizations, methods and research challenges," Post-Print hal-00656778, HAL.
    3. Ming Wang & Tao Ye & Peijun Shi, 2016. "Factors Affecting Farmers’ Crop Insurance Participation in China," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 64(3), pages 479-492, September.
    4. Mekonnen, Tigist, 2017. "Willingness to pay for agricultural risk insurance as a strategy to adapt climate change," MERIT Working Papers 2017-028, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    5. Mbonane, Nobuhle Duduzile, 2018. "An analysis of farmers’ preferences for crop insurance: a case of maize farmers in Swaziland," Research Theses 334771, Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics.
    6. Michelson, Hope & Fairbairn, Anna & Ellison, Brenna & Maertens, Annemie & Manyong, Victor, 2021. "Misperceived quality: Fertilizer in Tanzania," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    7. Antoine Leblois & Philippe Quirion & Agali Alhassane & Seydou Traoré, 2014. "Weather Index Drought Insurance: An Ex Ante Evaluation for Millet Growers in Niger," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 57(4), pages 527-551, April.
    8. Shawn Cole & Xavier Giné & James Vickery, 2017. "How Does Risk Management Influence Production Decisions? Evidence from a Field Experiment," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(6), pages 1935-1970.
    9. Rogna, Marco & Schamel, Günter & Weissensteiner, Alex, 2019. "Choosing Between Hail Insurance and Anti-Hail Nets: A Simple Model and a Simulation among Apples Producers in South Tyrol," 2019: Trading for Good - Agricultural Trade in the Context of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation... Symposium, June 23-25, 2019, Seville, Spain 312593, International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium.
    10. Nordmeyer, Eike Florenz, 2023. "German farmers' perceived usefulness of satellite-based index insurance - Insights from a transtheoretical model," 97th Annual Conference, March 27-29, 2023, Warwick University, Coventry, UK 334557, Agricultural Economics Society - AES.
    11. Martin Eling & Shailee Pradhan & Joan T Schmit, 2014. "The Determinants of Microinsurance Demand," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 39(2), pages 224-263, April.
    12. Sibiko, Kenneth W. & Veettil, Prakashan C. & Qaim, Matin, 2016. "Small Farmers’ Preferences for Weather Index Insurance: Insights from Kenya," 2016 Fifth International Conference, September 23-26, 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 246399, African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE).
    13. Ruth Vargas Hill & John Hoddinott & Neha Kumar, 2013. "Adoption of weather-index insurance: learning from willingness to pay among a panel of households in rural Ethiopia," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 44(4-5), pages 385-398, July.
    14. Birthal, Pratap S. & Hazrana, Jaweriah & Negi, Digvijay S. & Mishra, Ashok K., 2022. "Assessing benefits of crop insurance vis-a-vis irrigation in Indian agriculture," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    15. Anuj Singh & Michael King, 2018. "Understanding farmers’ valuation of agricultural insurance: Evidence from Vietnam," WIDER Working Paper Series 93, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    16. Hill, Ruth Vargas & Viceisza, Angelino, 2010. "An experiment on the impact of weather shocks and insurance on risky investment," IFPRI discussion papers 974, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    17. Ruggiero Rippo & Simone Cerroni, 2023. "Farmers' participation in the Income Stabilisation Tool: Evidence from the apple sector in Italy," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 74(1), pages 273-294, February.
    18. Lampe, Immanuel & Würtenberger, Daniel, 2020. "Loss aversion and the demand for index insurance," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 678-693.
    19. Platteau, Jean-Philippe & De Bock, Ombeline & Gelade, Wouter, 2017. "The Demand for Microinsurance: A Literature Review," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 139-156.
    20. Giesbert, Lena & Steiner, Susan, 2011. "Perceptions of (Micro)Insurance in Southern Ghana: The Role of Information and Peer Effects," GIGA Working Papers 183, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:75:y:2018:i:c:p:459-467. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joice Jiang (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/land-use-policy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.